Compare and Contrast of Agriculture Technology Between hang Dynasty and Han Dynasty Essay

For the past five thousand years, human civilizations have existed on the earth and constantly reforming and contributing to our society. The excellences human made are unprecedented, and the experience theses civilizations cumulated can also be continuously studied by the people nowadays. This year, we learnt many great civilizations, among the civilizations in ancient China, the Shang dynasty and the Han dynasty are the most outstanding civilizations. Their cultures are distinct and their contributions are tremendous. Although now we can find their stories, cultures and inventions only on history books, their contributions and achievements are still having deep affection to us. Agriculture is a very significant part of a civilization. Without agriculture, making progress is impossible. Agriculture is the foundation of everything. Agriculture is a good reflection of science and technology in a civilization. During the comparing and contrasting of the agriculture of Shang dynasty and Han dynasty, we can get a deeper understanding of the great knowledge and intelligent of the people of the two dynasties. We can also discover the development and progress they have made. The Shang dynasty is the second dynasty in Chinese history. The Shang Dynasty last from 1600 B. C. to 1046 B. C. and experienced three big stages. The Han dynasty can be divided into two historical period which are western Han dynasty (202 B. C. to 9 A. D. ) and eastern Han dynasty (25A. D. to 220 A. D. ) Both Shang dynasty and Han dynasty are important civilization in Chinese history. Also, both dynasties made big breakthrough in agriculture. From the research of a large number of archaeological material and oracle records, archaeologists concluded that the Shang dynasty is operating mostly on agriculture. Although at that time, the handicraft industry has been developed, agriculture is still the ifeline of the economy during Shang dynasty. Basically, the main type of agriculture during Shang dynasty was glebe farming, and in the southward of Shang dynasty, which is the Yangtze River area, the popular agriculture type was paddy fields farming. A very important reason that stimulates the development of agricultural technology during the Shang dynasty is the development of bronze industry. During Shang dynasty, the bronze industry developed very quickly. Especially in the late Shang dynasty, the development of bronze industry came into its own stage. The appearance of bronze tools made the agricultural technology developed quickly. The question that most people will concern is that how did people in Shang dynasty make bronze tools? It is true that it was a very hard process for people in the Shang dynasty to make bronze tools. So, at the beginning, the amounts of bronze tools are very limited. People in the Shang dynasty usually use carpentry tools including knife, adz, and axes to make bronze tools. In the middle Shang period, craftsmen can already made variety kinds of bronze tools like shovels, Jues, adz. However, at that time, there were no enough sources of cooper metal compared with sources of stone tools; also, the process of making bronze tools is complicated. As the result, in the middle period of Shang dynasty, bronze tools were not widely used. Also, most of the bronze tools were under the control of agricultural officers. Civilians and slaves cannot have these bronze tools. They can only use the heavy farm tools like stone spade, axes. Then, at the late period of the Shang dynasty, this problem got solved because of the expansion of the production scale. At the same time, the appearance of irrigation technology and the strict management also helped to make the development of the agriculture in the Shang dynasty. As the main production department during the Shang dynasty, the developed agricultural technology provided the society with lots of food, in this way, a large number of people leave the career of agricultural production and began to work in other aspects for example business people, officers, soldiers, professional producers and so on. The government of Han dynasty put lots of effort on the restore and development of agricultural. Han dynasty began after the perish of Qin dynasty. At the beginning of the Han dynasty, because of the long period of wars occur during the late period of the Qin dynasty, the agricultural and economy paralyzed. The people died in the wars are mostly farmers, as a result, the labor decrease and there‘s not enough people to take care of the cropland. At that time, the total population went straight down from 20 million to 8 million. Emperor Gaozu of Han solved these problems and agriculture of Han dynasty restored and developed very quickly. There were lots of innovations and invention of agriculture during the Han dynasty. These achievements can be divided into three aspects. Firstly, there are huge developments towards the irrigation. Secondly, there are improvements of agricultural tools and technology. The third one is the cultivation of crops and vegetables. At the beginning of the Han dynasty, there are flood from upstream the Yellow River every year. It is a big hazard to the residents who lived in the downstream of the Yellow River. Their croplands got destroyed and some of them lost their houses. Emperor Wudi of Han lead his people solved this problem. Thirty thousand people work together to remove the siltation of the river and planted trees on the upstream of the river. After this recuperation, there was no big flood occurred in the Yellow River. There are lots of interesting and useful inventions during the Han dynasty. Above is agriculture equipment called Libi. Libi is a plow equipped with a double moldboard. People put Libi on a plough can turns up the soil on each side of the furrow. With the Libi, the efficiency of cultivation increase. The application of Libi is a big improvement in agriculture. Also, it is nearly 1000 years earlier than Europe of using the similar thing. Above is another invention which is called Lou. It is an animal- drawn seed plough. It has three feed. With Lou, people can do cultivation job three rows at a time. Lou can do three tasks: opening ditches, sowing, covering with soil at one time. Lou made farmers during the Han dynasty save much times and did more works. Lou increased the efficiency of the busy working farmers. The popularization of cultivation works with cattle would be another development on agriculture during the Han Dynasty. At that time, the most popular ways of cultivation are two people with three cattle and one people with two cattle. The ways that cultivation using cattle made people worked easily. The third achievement that we mentioned above is the cultivation crops and vegetables. Firstly, people made the cultivation of crops regionalized. In the northern area, people grew wheat, and In the Yangtze River area and Southern area, people grew rice. Also then the scales of the cultivation get larger. Another impressive improvement on agriculture is the cultivation of vegetables. During the Han dynasty, people already has variety chooses of vegetables including the vegetables we usually eat now like celeries, carrot, taro, green onion, garlic and so on. The most amazing thing is that during Han dynasty, people already learnt to grow vegetables in the greenhouse. During the eastern Han period, there were over 20 kinds of vegetables grew in the greenhouse. The use of greenhouse is one thousand years earlier than Europe. The biggest difference of agriculture between Shang Dynasty and Han Dynasty is the mode of production. Shang dynasty is a slavery society, slaves worked collectively. Also, During Shang dynasty, the croplands were all belonged to the emperor of Shang, and he put the land law of serf society into practice. As the image show above, at that time, the roads and channel crisscross and partitioned the cropland into squares. The emperor of Shang forced people work on the cropland. The outside parts are private fields and the inside part is public field. On the opposite, during the Han dynasty, people live and cultivation in the unit of a family. People have their own croplands. This kind of mode of production was usually described as small-scale farming by individual owners. Nowadays, in the remote mountain area or countryside, people are still using this kind of mode of production. A question may come out, why the first kind of production mode didn’t last long and in the contrary the second kind of production mode last till today. In my opinion, in the Shang dynasty’s example, people don’t have their own croplands. They work hard but the wheat and rice that come out of the croplands did not belongs to them, so they are not satisfy with the works they are doing. In contrast, with the second kind of mode of production, people are glad because if they put more effort, they will get more payback, so they are satisfy with their works and willing to do better. From the analyzing of the agriculture technology and development of Shang dynasty and Han dynasty, we can certainly conclude that the development in agriculture of both dynasties are significant and they both show their incredible intelligence to us. Their inventions and new ideas gave us inspirations. We can also see the huge improvement from Shang dynasty to Han dynasty in the 800 years. Their progresses are starling.

Amway India Case analysis Essay

CASE B-6: AMWAY INDIA Assignment Presented to Dr. G. N. Braithwaite-Sturgeon as per the requirements of International Marketing ADM4328 M University of Ottawa January 22nd 2013 BUSINESS CONTEXT & INITIAL SITUATION Amway, a North American Multinational, subsidiary of Alticor Inc. has over the years become one of the leaders in the 90 billion dollar direct selling industry through its use of multi-level marketing and creation of networks of independent business owners and sales. Founded in 1959 by Jay Van Andel and Richard DeVos, the company grew and captivated interest on an international level, especially in developing countries due to its ability to provide entrepreneurship opportunities. Amway’s range of 450 products and services are distributed worldwide in over 90 countries in a variety of sectors such as: wellness, beauty, home care, commercial, insurance, education and nutritional care. India’s growing economy made it one of Amway’s many targeted countries, and, in May 1998, Amway India commenced its business operations. After 36 million dollars of investment in the Indian market, in 2002, Amway India came under some legal issues when Indian officials and the State Government of Andhra Pradesh registered a criminal complaint against Amway India Corporation and concluded their creation of a chain of distributors was operating against the Act Prize Chits and Money Circulation of 1978. Today, in 2013, Amway has continued its operations within the country and has even expanded into a 100 million dollar colour cosmetic segment. Business is booming but Amway Corporation’s future endeavours within India hang in the balance of its legal conclusions. PROBLEM Despite the fact that Amway Corporation has experienced tremendous international success, they are now facing legal concerns in India with respect to their direct sales practices. These legal issues tied to the creation of a chain of distribution that may be in violation of the law as defined in and prohibited by the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (banning) act of 1978, have the potential to negatively influence their profit margins and bottom line, and in turn, affect the corporations reputation and international brand. All of the Corporation stakeholders are experiencing uncertainty with the company’s future in India. SWOT Analysis Internal Analysis Strengths: – Amway’s Starter Business Kits are available at a low investment cost and are fully refundable within 90 days. This along with the corporation’s free and extensive training seminars make it accessible and enticing for potential distributors and independent business owners. – Amway Corporation has a large distribution network and international coverage. – Aggressive product launches with products backed with a 100% customer product Refund Policy create an image of low financial risk to the consumers. Weaknesses – Limited sales approach – direct selling – Negative consumer perception- impression of pyramid selling scheme – Amway’s is illustrating an ethnocentric marketing strategy; it is using the same strategy in India as it is in the United States with no adaptation. External Analysis Opportunity – The Corporation has a national and international scope because of its ability to provide entrepreneurship opportunities at the micro-level globally – an impressive market opportunity for Amway in the direct sales sector. – India’s economy in booming, increasing disposable income. – There is a large focus on materialistic possessions and beauty in Indian women within the country’s urban and metropolitan areas, making it easy for distributors and IBO’s to sell a variety of Amway products. Threats – Legal policies change from one country to another; India’s laws could prevent Amway to continue its operations in that particular country. – Government policies can change at any moment and inhibit the ease of operation in a specific market. – Little to no control over the marketing and sale of their products: Independent business owners have a lot of freedom to make those decisions. – Competitors such as other multinationals or corporations (Ex: Avon and Mary Kay) create threats for market share. OPTIONS Option #1: Planned Exit of the Indian Market & Exploration of Other Potential Markets. Main Pros: – If Amway were to implement a planned exit of the Indian market, it could sell off its current existing products while they still were able to execute business within the market and not experience any unexpected losses. – Amway Corporation would not have to spend additional time, effort and money in legal litigations and negotiations. – The corporation’s time could be focused on exploring other potential markets within neighbouring countries with fewer legal restrictions on the distribution of their products. – If neighbouring countries are tapped, the existing investment in India’s manufacturing plants and machinery can still be used for fabrication of products for neighbouring countries. Main Cons: – Neighbouring countries could present little to no interest in adopting business practices from Amway Corporation, or could present little to no profit for the company due to the varying national economic situations. – Loss of the 36 million dollar investment (including the 17 million state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities invested in India. – Extremely large loss on potential profits in that particular market. – Loss of direct and indirect jobs for the Indian citizens. – Failure in such a large market could harm the company’s image within the minds of the consumers. Option #2: Continue Business and Expansion in India Main Pros – The company could continue making profits within the country while fighting the legal battles. – Little to no research or change needs to be made to the business model or marketing strategy. – The expansion will create more jobs and revenues, benefiting both India’s citizens and the corporation itself. Main Cons: – Amway could be forced out of the market if the court supports the government’s view that the corporation is in violation of the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Act. – Product lose is possible if Amway is forced out of business within the country; the IBO’s and distributors could keep all products they have on hand, instead of giving it back to the corporation. – Further investment in legal fees would be incurred. – Loss of time and human capital would be lost to the investment in winning the legal litigations. Option #3: Continue Business and Expansion in India with Ethocentrism; define a new marketing or distribution plan for its business in India that complies with the country’s legal constraints. Main Pros: – The company could continue to operate within the country, maintain its market share. – Amway India would benefit from India’s growing economy and large population. – If Amway had global integration with local responsiveness, they could attain a larger market share and increase sales. – There would be little to no investment on legal issues. Main Cons: – Amway would have to invest in environmental scanning. – There would be an initial investment in marketing costs to alter and implement a new marketing strategy. – The new marketing strategy could ultimately fail, leading to loss in marketing investments. RECOMMENDATION: After careful consideration of the options listed above, the recommendation that I would give to Amway Corporation would be option #3; to continue business and expansion in India while developing a ethnocentric marketing strategy – a marketing strategy specific to that country in compliance with its laws on product distribution. It is important for Amway to continue its operations within India as it is a market that presents many current and future opportunities. This option presents the most benefits to the company’s future success within the market and illustrates the lowest risk and least amount of potential loss. IMPLEMENTATION: The implementation of option 3# is as follows: Short term (0-6 months) Within the short term, Amway India would continue its regular proceedings within the country. It would have to do extensive environmental scanning to develop a deepened understanding of India’s economical, social, environmental, technical, and most importantly its legal aspects. I would also recommend that in the first six months, Amway Corporation should develop further market research, to enable them to ensure a positive corporate image within the minds of the distributors and the consumers. Medium Term (6-12 months) Following the research phase, Amway should develop the Indian Marketing Strategy; a strategy that complies within all of the political and legal requirements for sound business practice. Long Term (12+ months) Lastly, Amway Corporation will put in place its new Marketing strategy for Amway India. It will have to monitor its results and make minor changes along the way. *All information taken from textbook and lecture notes

Anatomy Week 3

Honors Enrichment Questions Week 3 1) What are chemotherapeutic drugs? Research two and explain how they work against cancer. Chemotherapeutic drugs are used during chemotherapy and are a treatment for cancer. Leustatin- used for hairy cell leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. It is an infusion through a vein and it attacks cells at very specific phases in the cycle. Taxol- used for treatment of breast, ovarian, lung, bladder, prostate, melanoma, esophageal, and other types of solid tumor cancers.Attacks cells during certain phases of the process. 2) What is hydrocortisone and when used, how does this reduce cell damage? It is a steroid hormone that is produced by adrenal cortex and used medicinally to treat inflammation resulting from eczema and rheumatism. It helps reduce cell damage because it is a steroid that helps prevent inflammation of cells and tissues. 3) If a molecule comes toward the cell, how is it decided if the molecule will be ta ken in using active or passive transport?Passive transport is moving biochemical and atomic or molecular substances across the cell membrane but unlike active transport it does not involve chemical energy. Active transport is transporting things from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration, and it uses energy. Depending on whether it needs energy and the transports or places that it goes through will depend on whether it will use active or passive. 4) Explain in your own words, the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. The DNA molecule will unwind and unzip as the hydrogen bonds between the break of the bases.RNA nucleotides pair up with the exposed bases of one of the strands and as they pair up with their pairs the sugar phosphate groups are bonded together to form the new molecule called mRNA. 5) How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ in   structure and function? Endocrine glands are ductless glands that diffuse into the blood to be used in the body suc h as the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands while exocrine glands retain their ducts and empty through ducts to the epithelial surface that includes sweat and oil glands, liver, and the pancreas.

Anything Goes is a bad policy technology and Society Essay

Anything Goes is a bad policy technology and Society - Essay Example The problems of technology are then considered through use of 'Resistentialism'. Turning from that to the question of whether we adapt technology, or if it adapts our needs, the study will also consider if technology is truly neutral, and therefore the responsibility for good and evil outcomes lies within the human being using and developing this technology. After discussing all these factors, the essay will conclude by considering whether this subject is to be feared, utilized, or ignored in order to achieve the best for society. Science fiction has produced some of the most influential books of the last century, many of them written in the period between the end of the Victorian era and the beginning of the Cold War. These stories, such as Fahrenheit 451, or 1984 are often dystopian in setting and outcome, with technological advancements used by negative forces. C M Kornbluth's A Little Black Bag ends tragically, as the hero is destroyed by other's greed, and a technology that should have been beneficial to society at large is eliminated. In those stories, human evil is responsible for manipulating the essentially neutral technology (In Kornbluth's tale, it is used for good by the doctor who redeems himself, and it is his assistant's inability to see any use for the technology except as a money-spinner which causes the tragedy [Kornbluth A Little Black Bag]). However, overuse of technology, also increases in human ignorance. Asimov's The Feeling of Power depicts a future where people cannot do mathematics a ny more due to their reliance upon technology; even the most basic thought processes are troublesome to people dependant upon computers and machines. Later fictions, such as the Cyberpunk movement, have been more ambivalent about technology: Neuromancer depicts a future in which technology gets more and More amazing, without having any effect on the world's Problems. (Jones, 92) Certainly Neuromancer is not a utopian version of the future, but in the novel, society cannot function without technology, whether it is the official social structures, such as businesses or those in the underworld and black markets. This may be a reflection of the current state of western society, where we cannot imagine a future in which technology does not play a major part. Any discussion of the role of technology in society must consider what exactly is meant by the term 'technology'. Usually, when this word is used, in phrases such as 'IT' (information technology), it refers to the mechanical and electronic systems

Columbian Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Columbian Exchange - Essay Example But later, tomatoes became a part of the Italian identity and food culture, and the nutritious value of potatoes and corns was fully appreciated, thus, broadening the scope of the European cuisine. On the opposite side, the new world was also introduced to new foods. Sugarcane was perhaps the most prominent and damaging introduction. However, the relatively meatless culture was transformed once pork, beef, milk and cheese were introduced. The new comers were trying to create a familiar environment and so they brought with them different crops and animals such as rice, wheat, sheep, goats and chickens. Thus adding new species to the new world and dramatically changing its socioeconomic and cultural identity. The new comers also introduced their own military hardware, such as swords, armor and guns, in the new world. Those superior military equipments and weapons were used to control the Native American population. The horse, for example, was alien to the new world. In fact, it was even bigger than any of the locally available domesticated animals. It was used by the invaders to terrify the natives in battle. However, the local Americans quickly adopted the animal, and learned to use its power effectively against the very same people who introduced it.

Shopster Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shopster - Case Study Example The retailers make this business to be what it is. They form the customer base, thus making the business to be vibrant. The customer base is the single most important entity in the business. Thus, retailers sustain the business by shopping for products online, hence boosting the capital base of the business. Retailers also help in reaching other customers who with time get to know this online business entity. The strength of this business entity is that it does not face a lot of competition from other businesses. This makes it capitalize on sales in the absence of other business entities. The business also uses less capital to operate, thus being able to maximize on profits. The business should be able to perfect their businesses through proper and serious marketing. Through marketing, the business becomes well known thus it does not struggle to have customers come on board. Branding should also be done to make the business more unique and versatile. This should not only be on the products, but also on the online

Motorsports Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Motorsports - Research Paper Example the Formula Drift, as a case study. The case study intends of explaining how parameters are set up by the judges and the format is seriously followed which clearly indicates that the sports is being institutionalized pointing to the fact that there would be further maturity in the area in the future. Various variables have been taken in the study to relate Drifting with institutionalizing which includes the seriousness of parameters, the techniques used by expert drifters along with the other similar patterns. After a thorough study and literature review, it can evidently be stated that Drifting is taking a serious shape where efforts are being made to institutionalize the sports which is otherwise considered as too risky and too hazy to be taken seriously. Drifting is a kind of motorsports where the driver is expected to over-steer, rather intentionally or even unintentionally. This over-steering makes the driver lose traction in the rear wheel or sometimes even in all of the tires at the same time maintaining some level of control over entry to the exit of one of the corners. It may looks like the car is drifting exactly when the rear slip angle is higher than the slip angle at the front. That too, to such an extent that the front wheels are directly pointing towards the direction opposite to the turn, for instance while a car may be turning left while wheels are pointing towards the right (the technique popularly referred to as the opposite lock). (Bryant 2004) Being one of the most enthusiastic forms of motorsports, nowadays a lot of drifting competitions are being held at various levels, some even at the most advanced levels where professionals have also been participating. Also, the competitions are nowadays mature enough since t hey are judged discreetly by standards of precision and competition in speed, showmanship, angle and even the line taken via set of

Literature Review on performance management systems and their links Essay

Literature Review on performance management systems and their links with rewards plans - Essay Example That debate has been carried on for centuries and has been reinforced in the equity and tournament theories of motivation. This paper will evaluate the significance of monetary rewards and then go on to discuss the concept of equity in pay. The paper will also discuss the importance of non-monetary rewards as well as performance management as a good creator of motivation. The paper will conclude with discussing the importance of intrinsic motivation. Some of the greatest theorists like F. W. Taylor, Abraham Maslow and Herzberg have all emphasized the significance of monetary rewards. Taylor’s view is rather conservative in that he believes that money is the sole motivator of human work. He believed in the idea of the ‘economic man’, and said that people were only motivated by self-interest. Taylor, therefore, gave much importance to the idea of pay-per-piece, because he said that this would enhance the speed of work. This theory meshes in well with the research of Armstrong (2006). Armstrong (2006) conducted an extensive research on the relationship between pay and the performance of the employee. The following table shows the interrelationship between performance ratings and pay ranges. This empirical research conducted by Armstrong (2006) illustrates the positive relationship between the two variables and holds evidence to the fact that pay really does impact performance. However, pay is not the only source of return for workers, especially nowadays. Other form of non-cash rewards are used commonly by many firms to enhance motivation. Zeidner (2010) reports that gift cards or certificates are the most popular form of non-cash rewards and are used by 38% of the companies today. This is followed by other forms of rewards including merchandise (19%), dinners (19%), special trips (19%), trophies or plaques (18%), top-performer listings (12%), honorary sales clubs (7%) and special parking spots (2%). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is recognized as one

Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Short Tandem Repeat (STR) - Essay Example Because of their varying repeat lengths, STRs are characterized with large number of alleles, which in turn make them being highly variable between populations (Lee et al, 1994). In addition, these microsatellite sequences account approximately for 3 percent of the human genome and occur on average every 10,000 nucleotides (Collins et al, 2003). Finally, among other types of biological material, STRs are characterized with consistency and stability, which practically means that any cell contains the very same profile of SRTs. From the forensic perspective, it means that regardless of type of biological material obtained in the crime scene, appropriate STR profile proving source attribution can be conducted using any type of cell without compromising the result. From the practical perspective, STR profile constitutes simply a panel of numerical designations of each STR allele repeat number based on their electrophoretic sizing information. The electrophoretic mobility of DNA is inversely proportional to the length of the fragment; the longer allele with more repeats migrates slower than the shorter alleles containing fewer repeats. If a snapshot (electropherogram) is taken at a time point when two alleles of different lengths are electrophoretically migrating through a gel, the shorter allele will appear further from the origin than the longer allele. When looking at multiple alleles simultaneously, the STR electropherogram pattern (profile) of an individual is different from that of another individual whose alleles may be longer or shorter and hence assigned with different allele numbers. The variation in STR allele sizes results in distinctive DNA profiles with a uniqueness of 1 in a trillion using the 13 core STR loci in the FBI’s national database known as COmbined DNA Index System (CODIS). These 13 loci were chosen for their unique characteristics, such as number of alleles and repeat sequence, present in each one of them. Their adoption in the

The Holiday of Yom Kippur, and Ramadan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Holiday of Yom Kippur, and Ramadan - Essay Example Despite the international tension and dividing events, some people among the Muslim and Jewish community still attempt to seize this occasion of similar holidays to narrow this gap in order to reach across the political divides to find a common ground, even if it is through the spiritual links between the religions of both communities. The Holidays of Yom Kippur and Ramadan both have spiritual roots, yet for different religions. Yom Kippur is a Jewish holiday whereas Ramadan, which ends with eid-ul-fitr, is for Muslims (Blass 22); both of these involve fasting but in different patterns. Each of these holidays is in a period which is not fixed in the Gregorian calendar; rather, it has roots in their traditional calendars. Both Muslims and Jews follow a lunar calendar, yet their calculations are not the same. This determines the fact the Yom Kippur, the holiest holiday for Jews, falls during the Muslims holy Month of Ramadan only once in almost three decades. The literal meaning of word Yom Kippur is the Day of Atonement. This Jewish holiday begins 10 days after Rosh Hashanah. The Biblical reference to this holiday is â€Å"You should do no work throughout that day. For it is a Day of Atonement ("Yom Kippur") on which expiation is made on your behalf before the Lord your God. Indeed, any person who does not practice self-denial throughout that day shall be cut off from his people " Leviticus 23:27. Ramadan, on the other hand, is the 9th month of Islamic calendar (Cornell 21). It is compulsory for all adult Muslims as the month of fasting. It is said in the Quran: â€Å"O you who believe, fasting is decreed for you, as it was decreed for those before you, that you may attain salvation† Al-Baqara [2:183]. Yom Kippur is a 25 hour fast, this holiday ends in a day (Escobar 53), whereas Ramadan is a whole month of fasting from dawn till sunset everyday. Both of these, although, are celebrated according to the Jewish and the Islamic calendars. Since both of these

Film Analysis and Breakdown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Film Analysis and Breakdown - Essay Example The filming is a spectacular mix of close up and panoramic shots that encapsulate life before and after the Hurricane. No shot is wasted during the opening sequence, as the view is taken on a journey through two different time periods. Documentaries are often designed to elicit emotion and to tell a story. This opening sequence certainly accomplishes this aim. While there is nothing spoken, the music tells the story. There are great editing features employed here that cut between the massive flooding that occurred when the levees broke, yet we are then cut back to an earlier time when the area was beautiful and life was good. This editing technique provides a comparison and contrast that make the film effective in communicating its intended message. The music itself appears to be carefully chosen as well. Rather than shifting its message and tone, the jazz played during the opening sequence is a consistent representation and reminder of what the Gulf Region was, and hopes to once again become. Finally, the opening sequence has a cut in action that takes us to the present time to begin telling the story that forms the foundation of the film. Two images truly dissolve into one another as the region of old and the region of today is meshed together to pain a vivid picture in the mind of the viewer. That opening sequence is designed to serve as the introduction to a story. It captivates the viewer and leaves them wanting to know more. That is the essence of a good

Web 2. 0 technologies Essay Example for Free

Web 2. 0 technologies Essay The next portion of the interview focuses on the perception of students of being aware of this aspect. According to the results of the survey, 24 out of 6 educators are aware of students doing this. In addition to what was mentioned above, 20 out of 30 educators believe that this should be encouraged and 10 educators believe that this kind of technology should be separated from educational learning tools and should be solely for non-academic purposes. For the 20 that had expressed interest in encouraging Web 2. 0 applications into education, ten out of the 20 believe that it should be mandatory to all aspects of education and should be inserted into the academic curriculum. Five (5) believe that the utilization of Web 2. 0 technologies should be naturally included into the curriculum meaning that these tools should neither be constricted nor be pushed into utilization, rather it should be left to be incorporated into the curriculum all by itself. The last 5 indicated a variety of methods in order to encourage the use of Web 2. 0 technologies. When asked with the question on whether or not academic content should be delivered using Web 2. 0 technologies, 23 or 77% of the total number of respondents indicated that Web 2. 0 technologies would be a useful tool in delivering academic content from educators towards students. On the other hand, 13% (7 respondents) believed that it would be better to utilize the older, more accustomed, tools for information dissemination in order to project the desired image to the students and the stakeholders of the business venture. When asked if there is an existing overlap with the VLE that you used in the institution they are in, fifteen (15) out of the 30 indicated no recognized overlap, eight (8) indicated that there is no overlap while seven (7) believed that there is a overlap between Web 2. 0 technologies and the kind of VLE used. Because of the seeming trend with respect to the enthusiasm and openness of educators in using Web 2. 0 technologies, the next focus of the interview was set on Web 2. 0 tools being integrated with VLEs. Out of the thirty respondents, twenty-five (25) had indicated that they wanted to integrate VLEs with Web 2. 0 tools and five (5) had disagreed with the proposed integration. Most of the five (5) educators were from the seven people that believed there is an overlap between the two tools. The third part of the study focused on how they had perceived Web 2. 0 technologies as being part of the assessment process. The first part of the interview focused on Web 2. 0 technologies as part of the assessment purpose, the interview solicited how the interviewees perceived Web 2. 0 tools as an assessment tool. Generally speaking, most of the respondents to the interview indicated that they believe that currently, Web 2. 0 technologies used as a means of being able to assess is still very young rather it is still in its infancy stage. Though they believe that it would be step forward for the educational setting, there is still a need for further verification for such a move and should be tested if the students can adapt to such a change. Wikis was cited as one potential for teachers to evaluate the effectiveness of students in being able to collaborate with their partners in group work. Most of the educators indicated that they would rather evaluate students using the old method of educational teaching however they would be amenable of such as a move as to include Web 2. 0 applications into the curriculum and use it for checking and teaching. On the other hand, they had noted that it would be useful to check items in Web 2. 0 applications that are actually their cornerstone or the reason for their being – pictures in photoblogs such as flickr and video assignments in Youtube. When given the opportunity to explain very briefly each Web 2. 0 technology, the opinions of each educator as to how they can use these tools were solicited. For the first part of this section, blogs was the first application to be tackled. Based on the discussion, the educators generally indicated that they can utilize blogs as a mean of generating discussions among the students. With blogs having the capacity to take in comments and views via posting on certain topics, educators can then start up discussion on a particular topic and solicit the opinion of the class. Educators can then assess the views of the students by being able to review the comments of the students on that particular topic because of the capacity of blogs to retain inputs from users. The second tool is Wikis. Educators that were interviewed viewed wikis can be used in assessing the capability of the members in being able to collaborate and create singular information or a single document. This can then be used as a means of being able to assess how the students can cope with team effort and the output of such collaborative efforts. Social networks on the other hand can be used both by students and educators as well as a means to identify connections and networks that within communities that can be used by the students in order to determine people that have the necessary information for the teachings imposed by the students. Lastly, focus was given on video and photo sharing sites. Although this is relatively a new technology that would be used in sharing video and photo information between students, it is believed all these sites can be used in order to support all the learning motives for students and educators as well. Essentially the element of being able to share information particularly videos and photos is necessary are inherent in all sites. In addition to this, educators that were part of the group interviewed had already seen a video sharing site and they believe that due to the existing trends, video sharing networks will be able to further thrive and the educators believe that this will entail a positive effect on the way students are able to learn and how educators are able to teach.

The Virgin And The Gypsy, D.H. Lawrence

The Virgin And The Gypsy, D.H. Lawrence The novel The Virgin and the Gypsy was found in France after David Herbert Lawrences death in 1930. Immediately recognized as a masterpiece in which Lawrence had distilled and purified his ideas about sexuality and morality, The Virgin and the Gypsy has become a classic and is one of Lawrences most electrifying short novels. It has been published as it was found, which was probably incomplete. The story has some rough edges that undoubtedly would have been smoothed with more rewriting. The book raises interesting questions about what love, proper behavior, and life are all about. In this book, Lawrence is in usual top form in describing the longing of a young girl, a virgin, for the slightly unconventional. Her vision of her future being a stayed and commonplace marriage to one of the local boys of character and money, she longs for something else before that fate befalls her. She does find that love, very much by accident. She comes across a Gypsy and she falls deeply and viscerally in love with him. Yet, she is coy and she is proper about it. Although she badly wishes to be with him, she understands the potential scandal of such a union. Her father being one that is a non-believer, despite his position as the rector; she sees his revulsion for those things of the body. The rectors wife had left him for an impoverished boy. She sought something the rector just could not provide to her. Even though she was his everything, he was not able to make her feel the love she wished deeply even to her bones. Her daughter too felt that there was more than just the future she envisioned. She felt that it was not a matter that could be ignored. It was a matter that had to be satisfied and soon. But how to do so, without being seen as a prostitute by her own family; that was the mystery and the beauty of the book. Finally, amongst a great flood and terror that is more frightful than can be imagined, she finds herself with the Gypsy in her own bedroom, safe from the outside world of people because of the isolation and protection afforded by an unanticipated flood. Here she makes the passionate love to him that she had heretofore only dreamed about. Here she becomes a woman, and becomes a lover at the same time. As always, Lawrence fills the text with serious metaphor and memory. He uses symbolism, systematically revealing the undercurrents of his characters huge love and anticipation with thinly veiled double entendres and images. This book is specifically recommended for Lawrence readers, but in addition, the book is highly recommended to those seeking love and those fulfilled in love. The gypsy represents her free-born will, which separates her from the rest of the Saywells. He is an outsider, on an old, old war-path against such as herself . . . Yes, if she belonged to any side, and to any clan, it was to his. Under the influence of the absent mother, an adulterous couple she encounters, and the defiant gypsy who endures in opposition, Yvette is forced into a confrontation with her sneering father-a confrontation that brings out his hidden evil and self-righteousness. Both The Virgin and the Gypsy and That Evening Sun deal with characters who are social outsiders living under social restrictions. The Virgin and the Gypsy is a picture of the social climate in England. Characters like Cynthia, the Eastwoods and the gipsies are affected by social snobbery. That Evening Sun is the portrayal of Nancy, a black woman, who struggles against racism. The outsiders from these selections are physically, emotionally, and socially isolated. Social isolation affects the characters in The Virgin and the Gypsy and That Evening Sun. Nancy experiences social rejection from both society and from the family she works for. She is discriminated for being black and is shown no respect in society. There is also the factor of generational prejudice in the family Nancy works for. The mother is passing on their racial prejudice to their children who will carry on a racist attitude forever. The children uses phrases like scairder than niggers(199) as an insult conveying their disrespect of the black culture. The gipsies are isolated from society because they are different. They lead a different lifestyle and act as individuals. Society describes gipsies as pagan pariahs(36), non-Christians and outcasts. Restrictions are placed on people like the gipsies that create a social scale and rank people accordingly. This novel is very intriguing and teaches lessons of morality, religion, and of life and death intended for those with imagination and insight. The authors style contributes deeply to the intrigue and true meaning to this novel. The authors use of imagery makes tensions in the story vivid and emphatic. In this story there is a re-occurring tension between religion and desire. The tension between religion and desire is most clearly demonstrated between the characters of Yvette and the rector. Yvette was brought up in a world of religious conventions and beliefs, an environment of forgiveness, love, and morality. This world is later realized to truly be a world of repression towards all feelings of passion and desire; not the environment of forgiveness, love, and morality Yvette and the readers are lead to believe. This starts the conflict between religion and desire, and confuses Yvette greatly because her religious upbringing denies and contradicts all her natural instincts of love, passion, and sexuality. The rector and Yvette do not share the same understanding of love. They are both very different in their thoughts and ex pressions, of what love is. The narrator in the story tells us what the rector thinks of Cynthia, his lost wife. He describes her as the pure white snow-flower (p.6) and expresses that her husband thought of her on inaccessible heightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that she was throned in lone splendor aloft their lives, never to be touched (p.7) This would have the reader believe that Cynthia is considered in the rectors eyes to be like god not bodily in his life. At another point in the novel the narrator informs the reader that the rector believes Cynthia to be sacred and that she was enshrined in his heart, as if she were a religious idol, never simply expressing any love or desire for his lost wife. Its like the rector has moral religious love for his lost wife, and not passion or desire, like

GDP vs Life Expectancy of Countries

GDP vs Life Expectancy of Countries We have chosen to discuss the relationship between GDP per capita vs. life expectancy at birth.   At first glance, it would appear that the GDP and wealth of a country should directly impact the life expectancy of its citizens.   However, when looking at the graph we see that while there is definitely a correlation between GDP and life expectancy, their relationship isnt linear.   This graph shows that the countries which have a GDP of less than $10000 USD per capita have a life expectancy ranging from 45-80 years.   In addition, the countries with a GDP of $15000- $40000 per capita have a relatively steady life expectancy of about 80 years with a slight decrease as the GDP approaches $40000.   This gives the graph a backwards L shape which is referred to as a Preston Curve1. In the poorer half of the world, the life expectancy ranges drastically between 45-80 years.   The countries with the lowest life expectancy are almost always affected by their GDP.   When a country has a low GDP, the citizens dont have enough money for essentials to survive.   They are forced to buy the cheapest foods which dont have the proper amounts of nutrients required to live long, healthy lives.   Likewise, these governments usually do not have enough money to support and aid these citizens.   Additionally, countries with low GDP tend to have poor health care systems to treat the terminally ill.   This issue is exacerbated in these places because the poorer countries are more likely to stricken with serious, potentially life threatening diseases like HIV.   On the other hand, many countries with low GDPs have a very high life expectancy.   One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that these countries are heavily involved in farming and agriculture.   Thus, they have easy, cheap access to healthy food and other essentials to survive while not contributing much to the GDP2.   Another possible conjecture is that these countries have many citizens that are involved in illegal smuggling.   A prime example is Mexico which has a GDP of a mere $6228 USD per capita coupled with a respectable life expectancy of 76 years.   These people can become very wealthy and live elegant, plentiful lives while contributing $0 to the GDP as much of their incomes is not reported because they do everything under the table.   A third explanation why some countries have a high life expectancy despite a low GDP is because its government strongly prioritizes needs over wants.   Cuba is a good example of this.   They have a very strong social support network that provides health coverage, government pensions and economic support to poor families3.   While poor countries are definitely impacted by low GDP, they have many ways to live long lives without too much money.   In the wealthier half of the world, life expectancy has remained steady at 80 years with a minor drop at the highest GDP levels.   There are many ideas to explain the steadiness in this part of the world.   Firstly, people in the top quarter of the world usually dont spend more on essentials than the second quarter of people.   They tend to spend more on wants such as fancy cars, vacations, electronics, etc.   Hence, the second quarter isnt lacking in any essentials that the first quarter has that would affect their life expectancy.   Additionally, almost all governments in the top half of the world have excellent social and health services.   Thus, even the poor in these countries receive appropriate and suitable care.   However, as we approach the richest countries, the graph takes a slight dip down.   Some statisticians believe that there is nothing concrete to suggest any definitive reasons for this.   However, some try to explain this phenomenon.   Firstl y, people with a high income are more susceptible to traffic fatalities as they are usually on the road more often.   Similarly, they have the means to participate in risky, thrill seeking and expensive activities like sky diving.   These people also tend to drink more which can lead to all sorts of illnesses.  Ã‚   Another explanation given is pollution.   The richest countries are the ones with the resources to produce high amounts of pollution.   It has been proven that young children are especially susceptible to this.  Ã‚   Economists Kenneth Chay and Michael Greenstone think that the 1981-1982 oil shock recession may have saved as many as 2,500 infant lives in the United States through the slight reductions in air pollution caused by the reduced economic activity4.   To summarize, although there is definitely a connection between high GDP and long lives, the relationship isnt perfect. As with any study, it is very difficult to distinguish between correlation and causation.   Does A cause B? Or does B cause A? Is there a confounding or mediating factor? The relationship between GDP and life expectancy is no exception.   While we cant definitively prove that there is a causal effect, there is a strong correlation.   As a result, it is incumbent on the governments in countries to with low life expectancy to take steps to increase the life expectancy of their citizens. Some examples include but are not limited to educational programs and food vouchers. It is our fervent hope that one day the life expectancy across the globe will be similar regardless of financial status. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_curve http://www.statisticalconsultants.co.nz/blog/life-expectancy-at-birth-versus-gdp-per-capita-ppp.html http://financialnerd.com/relationship-life-span-gdp-per-capita/ https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/the-relationship-between-gdp-and-life-expectancy-isnt-as-simple-as-you-might-think

John Lennon Essay -- essays research papers

John Lennon Lennon was born in 1940 during the Nazi bombing of Britain and given the middle name Winston, after Prime Minister Churchill. Knowing firsthand the horror of a world at war and living through the era of Vietnam's senseless carnage as well, Lennon came to embrace and embody pacifism via such classics of the Beatles era as "All You Need Is Love" and "Strawberry Fields Forever." Yet he also had a countervailing dark side that found expression in pained outcries that dated as far back as "Help." This unvarnished aspect of the Lennon persona reached a fevered pitch with the drug-withdrawal blues of "Cold Turkey," a 1969 single released under the name Plastic Ono Band. Although Lennon was a complicated man, he chose at this juncture to simplify his art in order to figure out his life, erasing the boundaries between the two. As he explained it, he started trying "to shave off all imagery, pretensions of poetry, illusions of grandeur...Just say what it is, simple English, make it rhyme and put a backbeat on it, and express yourself as simply [and] straightforwardly as possible." His most fully realized statement, as a solo artist was 1970's John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band. Lennon's first solo album, it followed several avant-garde sound collages recorded toward the end of the Beatles era with his wife and collaborator, Yoko Ono. The raw, confessional nature of Plastic Ono Band reflected the primal-scream therapy that Len...

The Colossian Heresy Essay -- essays research papers fc

The city of Colossae Located on the South bank of the Lycus River in the province of Phrygia stood Colossae. Before the Christian era, Colossae was a principle city in the Lycus Valley . Part of a major trade route in Asia minor from Ephesus to Miletus, the city was most known for its production of textiles, especially its purple wool . With other large cities such as Laodicea and Hierapolis, this was a well-populated and high business area in the Lycus Valley. Yet, with changes in the road system, Laodicea became a more important trade city than Colossae. And though once a city of great prominence, by A.D. 61, Colossae had suffered a great deal. An earthquake shook the city that year, Eusebius writes, and had disappeared from the literature of its day . However, there is much more to the story of this once prominent city. For instance, the city is written to by the Apostle Paul in the late 50’s A.D., concerning what was considered to be dangerous teachings that might be infiltrating the church in that city. What was this false teaching that Paul was concerned enough to write about? Was there truly a danger? What did this teaching consist of? These questions will attempt to be answered in the following pages. It would be wise to first begin with the church in Colossae. The Church in Colosssae had a problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The church in Colossae was not planted by Paul. Rather, many believe that one of his students, Epaphras, was the man who built this Gentile church . It is believed that Epaphras is the man who first sent word to Paul about the problems facing the church there. And while it is generally agreed that Paul writes to a specific problem affecting the church in Colossae, it is not agreed upon what exactly the problem was. There are as many possibilities as there are scholars who have written on the subject. For the time being, some of the more likely views will be briefly examined. The heresy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often referred to as the â€Å"Colossian Heresy†, many debated as to who might be the ones responsible for the false teachings and wrong influences that Paul was so concerned about. Arnold writes that though Paul had probably not visited the church in Colossae before he wrote, he believed the teaching to come from a Pagan and Jewish style of thought and law . This would imply that two different groups were responsibl... ...rand Rapids, Michigan 1996. Baird, Cliff. What Was nailed to the Cross. Memphis 1989. Barclay, William. The All Sufficient Christ: Studies in Paul’s Letter to the Colossians, Westminster Books, Philadelphia 1974. Furnish, Paul Victor. Colossians, Paul’s Epistle to the Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. Freedman, David Noel. Doubleday, New York 1992. Gray, Crete. The Epistle of St. Paul to the Colossians and Philemon, Lutterworth Press, London 1948. Jones, Allen H. Essenes, University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland 1985. Kachelman, John L. Jr. Studies in Colossians: The Saviors Supremacy, Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas 1985. Lewis, C.S. Colossians, Paul’s Epistle to the, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. Orr, James, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Grand Rapids 1952 Lightfoot, J.B. Saint Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, Macmillan and Co., London 1900. Robertson, A.T. Paul and the Intellectuals, Broadman Press, Nashville 1959. Schweizer, Eduard. The Letter to the Colossians, Ausburg Publishing House, Minneapolis 1982. Simon, Marcel. Jewish Sects at the Time of Jesus, Fortress Press, Philadelphia 1967.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Colossian Heresy Essay -- essays research papers fc The city of Colossae Located on the South bank of the Lycus River in the province of Phrygia stood Colossae. Before the Christian era, Colossae was a principle city in the Lycus Valley . Part of a major trade route in Asia minor from Ephesus to Miletus, the city was most known for its production of textiles, especially its purple wool . With other large cities such as Laodicea and Hierapolis, this was a well-populated and high business area in the Lycus Valley. Yet, with changes in the road system, Laodicea became a more important trade city than Colossae. And though once a city of great prominence, by A.D. 61, Colossae had suffered a great deal. An earthquake shook the city that year, Eusebius writes, and had disappeared from the literature of its day . However, there is much more to the story of this once prominent city. For instance, the city is written to by the Apostle Paul in the late 50’s A.D., concerning what was considered to be dangerous teachings that might be infiltrating the church in that city. What was this false teaching that Paul was concerned enough to write about? Was there truly a danger? What did this teaching consist of? These questions will attempt to be answered in the following pages. It would be wise to first begin with the church in Colossae. The Church in Colosssae had a problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The church in Colossae was not planted by Paul. Rather, many believe that one of his students, Epaphras, was the man who built this Gentile church . It is believed that Epaphras is the man who first sent word to Paul about the problems facing the church there. And while it is generally agreed that Paul writes to a specific problem affecting the church in Colossae, it is not agreed upon what exactly the problem was. There are as many possibilities as there are scholars who have written on the subject. For the time being, some of the more likely views will be briefly examined. The heresy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often referred to as the â€Å"Colossian Heresy†, many debated as to who might be the ones responsible for the false teachings and wrong influences that Paul was so concerned about. Arnold writes that though Paul had probably not visited the church in Colossae before he wrote, he believed the teaching to come from a Pagan and Jewish style of thought and law . This would imply that two different groups were responsibl... ...rand Rapids, Michigan 1996. Baird, Cliff. What Was nailed to the Cross. Memphis 1989. Barclay, William. The All Sufficient Christ: Studies in Paul’s Letter to the Colossians, Westminster Books, Philadelphia 1974. Furnish, Paul Victor. Colossians, Paul’s Epistle to the Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. Freedman, David Noel. Doubleday, New York 1992. Gray, Crete. The Epistle of St. Paul to the Colossians and Philemon, Lutterworth Press, London 1948. Jones, Allen H. Essenes, University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland 1985. Kachelman, John L. Jr. Studies in Colossians: The Saviors Supremacy, Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas 1985. Lewis, C.S. Colossians, Paul’s Epistle to the, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. Orr, James, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Grand Rapids 1952 Lightfoot, J.B. Saint Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, Macmillan and Co., London 1900. Robertson, A.T. Paul and the Intellectuals, Broadman Press, Nashville 1959. Schweizer, Eduard. The Letter to the Colossians, Ausburg Publishing House, Minneapolis 1982. Simon, Marcel. Jewish Sects at the Time of Jesus, Fortress Press, Philadelphia 1967.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Morality and Relagion Essay

Morality refers to a set of principles that guide an individual on how one evaluates right and wrong. People believing in religion consider morality is shaped by religion because they believe that morality can be understood only in the context of religion; therefore, those religious people insist if there were no religion, people would be out of control. However, religious beliefs give people a wrong definition of moral value, indeed, morality is shaped only by instinct and environment. Regardless of religion, morality comes from instinct. Human beings are social creatures; they have to live in groups for reproduction and survival that has not changed at all since the ancient time. Looking back to history, people live in groups to share food, to take care of infants and build social networks to meet the daily challenges of their environment. Similarly, at the present time, people value their society for the same purposes. Even though the way to live has changed for instance, in the Stone Age people hunted and shared foods for their living, unlike people who do business for their living nowadays; they still depend on each other for reproduction and survival. Therefore, people instinctively have to keep their relationship between each other, and morality is formed to maintain the relationship. Consequently, every human being has morality regardless of religious beliefs. If the religious people insist that religions shape morality, non-religious people or atheists shouldn`t have morality. However, those people do have morality and they can judge the things right or wrong like other people who believe in religion. Furthermore, people who believe in religion said that the religion shapes morality, yet there are so many different religions around the world. Some people believe in Christianity, other believes in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam etc. Each religion worships different Gods, and has difference belief systems. Christians, for instance, believe in Jesus Christ while Buddhists venerate Gautama. Even though the same religion, there are different branches. Christianity, for instance, has Catholics and Protestants; on the other hand, Buddhism separate to Mahayana and Theravada. Therefore, if the morality is formed base on religion, the definition of morality should vary since there are many different regions. However, morality that people use in an attempt to do the right thing is the same. â€Å"Trolley Problem†, posted by Phillipa Foot in her 1967 paper, â€Å"Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect† help for clear understanding about morality (Clark). She was a British philosopher, and she explained if a person put in dilemma to choice for saving five people`s lives or a person`s life, he or she must choose five people`s lives to save instead of one no matter whatever religion he or she believes. Therefore, religion does not affect morality. If the religions control people`s moral values, different religions will define different moral values, and the answer about â€Å"Trolley Problem† may vary. On the other hand, not only humans but also animals have morality. Frans de Waal, Charles Howard Candle professor of Primate Behavior in the Emory University, shared the experimental results that showed the moral behavior in animals. Chimpanzees help each other to get food, and they reconcile after fighting. Those behaviors pretty much indicate their morality (Waal). Since both human and animals have morality, religion that only existence in human world could not be a source of forming moral. Environment shapes moral values. Religion does not affect moral values, but environment does affect because adaption on environment is very important for survival. Darwin`s evolutionary theory â€Å"Natural Selection† proved that all living organisms modified to adapt the environment. Consequently, moral value is different from each environment where people live. Western countries are more individualistic while Asian countries are more collectivistic. Americans, for example, individuality is a moral value; however, helping each other is a moral value in China. Mr Meier, ESL 33B professor, who has an experience for teaching both American and Asian students, mentioned that American students do not willing help each other during the test because they believe self-1 / 2 reliance as a moral value. Contrast, Asian students prefer to help each other during the test because using each other to achieve their gold is a moral value for Asian countries. Consequently, governments get involved in defining the different moral values. The US government has less control on the society; therefore, people have more freedom, and it leads to enhance the self- reliance as a moral value. However, Asian countries, where government strictly controls various aspects, have less freedom and people in those countries have to rely on each other to get to their goals. Therefore, those people regard helping each other as a moral value. In addition, cultures, which co-exist in different environments, also define the moral values. In Asian cultures, people are taught to respect and care elder people. Therefore, people from Asia believe respecting the elder and taking care of those people as a moral value. For instance, in Japan, national health insurance system is running very well because people are willing to pay insurance fees, which helps elder people who need health care services. People consider even though they do not need health services right now, elder people who need health care gain the benefits from insurance system, and they are happy to help those people by paying monthly insurance fees. However, in Western culture, people regard self-belief as a moral value, and they do not prefer to help elder people. Therefore in the US, national health insurance system does not exist, and even though President Obama tried to construct the health insurance system, it did not work well because of different moral values. Therefore, moral value is pretty much related to environment. Religious beliefs exacerbate the collapse the morality. Religion controlled its believers, and people believing in religion tend to believe whatever the rules that religion lay down. For instance, sky burial, which is take place in Tibetan Buddhism, is the most gross burial way if we think from our common sense of morality. Human corpses are placed on a mountaintop as a prey for birds such as vultures, eagles and other scavengers. Buddhist monks are subjected to the sky burial funerary. They go to the mountaintop by themselves to conduct the funeral ceremony. However, that is normal for people who believe in Tibetan Buddhism because religion teaches the believers â€Å"Humans are part of nature. (People) arrive in the world naturally and they leave it naturally. Life and death are part of a wheel of reincarnation. Death is not to be feared. † (Xinran 159). Therefore, they were controlled by religion to believe conducting sky burial is the way to return the body back to the nature. On the other hand, religious belief ignite the people`s competitive spirit that lead to break morality. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is one of the examples that easy to understand for how religious belief stir the people`s competitive spirit. ISIS, the biggest Islamic terrorist group, attempts to create a new Islamic country in Middle East. ISIS has rapidly expanded by taking over Iraq and Syria territories. ISIS has killed so many innocents who do not follow Islam. This immoral behavior occurred because of ISIS, which was created by extreme Muslim believers, who regard their religion as the best on the world. They want to spread their religion; therefore, they force other people to become a part of Muslim believer by using immoral ways. Therefore, religious beliefs lead people to collapse the morality. In conclusion, morality is important to maintain our society. Every living organism that depends on each other to maintain life cannot survive without morality. However, humans misunderstand that religion shapes morality, but if we think critically, we can understand that morality is formed not because of religion but because of instinct and environment. Works Cited Clark, Josh. â€Å"How the Trolley Problem Works. † How Stuff Works. N. p. ,n. d. Web, 24 Oct. 2014. Waal, Frans De. â€Å"Moral Behavior in Animals. † TED. N. p. , Nov. 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2014 Xinran, Xue. â€Å"Sky Burial. † Sky Burial. New York: Anchor Books, July. 2006. Print. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Bob Dylans Social Commentary Essay

During an interview with the Los Angeles Free Press in 1965, Bob Dylan said, â€Å"All I can do is be me, whoever that is,† (Dylan) which perfectly describes the sentiment you get from his works. During his music career, he has changed many aspects of his image, music style and religion, going so far as to legally change his name from Robert Zimmerman to Bob Dylan. Living during a very fast changing society, his works reflect on the Civil Rights movement and other historically significant events. He is seen as a spokesperson for his generation through his deep and meaningful songs. Bob Dylan uses his pieces to comment on life and humanity, sparking social reforms. Bob Dylan was born named Robert Zimmerman in Duluth, Minnesota on May 24, 1941. He grew up in a supportive, Jewish household, and began writing poems at the age of 10. When he was 14, he taught himself to play guitar, and played in a couple different bands in high school. In college, he read an autobiography of Woody Guthrie which had a tremendous impact on his music career. Bob Dylan performed his versions of the Woody Guthrie’s songs at local coffee houses. Soon, he left college and hitchhiked to New York to visit his sick idol. After his death, Bob Dylan told Rock 100, â€Å"Guthrie was my last idol. My future idols will be myself.† This confidence contributed to his success as a musician. Bob Dylan got his break with a talent scout John Hammond. He released his self-titled first album in March 1962, which was filled with interpretations of old folk songs two original songs. A second LP came out soon after that was only original compositions. Bob Dylan released two more folk LP’s before his big transition into a more electric rock type of music. In 1965 he released a half acoustic half electric album that received a lot of criticism from fans of his folk music. One of his most popular albums, Blond on Blonde, released in 1966 featured many famous rock songs, and received much praise from critics. This album contains many protest songs including â€Å"A Hard Rains a Gonna Fall,† and â€Å"Masters of War.† These songs are thought to have been protesting the arms race during the Cold War, and exemplify how Bob Dylan used songs to comment on humanity and life. After this album, Bob Dylan broke his neck in a motorcycle accident and spent the next couple of years in recovery. After releasing many more successful albums, he went through a major transition from Judaism to Christianity. His next three albums reflected that transition, which confused much of his fan base. Bob Dylan continued to record and toured with a couple different  bands during the 80’s. In 2001, he received a Golden Globe for the best original song in a movie for â€Å"Things Have Changed†. Bob Dylan is still alive and continues to make public appe arances and occasionally perform. Bob Dylan’s songs use symbolism and imagery to reflect his views on life in a different way. The song Blowin’ in the Wind is one of his most famous works. This song uses the phrase â€Å"blowin’ in the wind† to answer multiple questions about humanity that it puts forth. The song also has war themes, shown when it asks the question, â€Å"How many times must the cannonballs fly before they’re forever banned?†(5). The lyrics exemplify his distaste for violence. The whole poem reflects his view that humanity will never learn from their mistakes. Bob Dylan also has some less political and more love themed pieces. In the song Watered down Love, he talks about how pure love will only hurt you so you need to look for a â€Å"watered down love†. The repetitious phrase, â€Å"You don’t want a love that’s pure, you want a drown love, you want a watered down love† (12). The song â€Å"Love is just a Four Letter Word† further continues the theme of true love being impossible. The song begins with him hearing others saying that love doesn’t mean anything, but in the end of the song he believes that himself. This is shown when it says â€Å"Though I never knew just what you meant when you were speaking to your man, I could only think in terms of me and now I understand,† (28). The songs are examples of how Bob Dylan uses his writing to comment on parts of life such as love and war. Bob Dylan’s writing does not go without criticism. His frequent changes in music style and image cause distaste from many critics. Jann Wenner in Rolling Stone Magazine said, â€Å"Dylan created so many images and expectations that he narrowed his room for maneuverability and finally became unsure of his own instincts,†(Wenner,†The Rolling Interview: Bob Dylan.†) There are also arguments of Bob Dylan’s role as an artist. Some believe that his songs do not qualify him as an artist and should not be read and studied as poetry. Others, such as Christopher Rooks, believe that his songs, even if they are not written in a traditional poetic way, are still art because of the â€Å"what they mean and what they can tell us about the human condition, about the nature of reality as it concerns man, which is the  very definition of art,† (Karwowski, â€Å"Is Bob Dylan an Artist?†). In another critical essay, Ellen Willis points out in Cheetah Magazine that although he may be seen as a poet, his poetry ha s â€Å"horrendous grammar, tangled phrases,  silly metaphors, embarrassing clichà ©s, muddled thought; at times he seems to believe one good image deserves five others, and he relies too much on rhyme.†(Willis, â€Å"Dylan†). Although his songs receive a lot of criticism for his changing images and whether he should be seen as an artist, no one can deny the unique way Bob Dylan portrays humanity and his role as a spokesperson for his generation. Bob Dylan is considered to be the greatest influence on popular culture of all time. His surroundings inspired him to write about important historical moments such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy’s assassination, the Civil Rights movement. Many of his songs are directly written about these events, most notably, â€Å"The Death of Emmett Till.†, which was written about the murder of 15 year old Emmett Till, a black boy who was accused of flirting with a white girl. Other songs such as â€Å"Blowin in the Wind,† â€Å"The Times they are A Changing,† and â€Å"A Hard Rains a Gonna Fall† all have political and social meaning behind them. He said that â€Å"the folk songs showed me†¦that songs can say something human.† (Dylan, 86) about his social commentary pieces. Bob Dylan was also a major player in the anti-war protests, sparked by the Vietnam War. His anti-war songs influenced activists, mostly college students who listened to his music. No other artist has had such a profound effect on the cultural evolution in America. He had an incredible influence on social reforms in this generation, as well as inspiring many other famous bands such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, and Eric Clapton. No one can deny that he was a factor in the revolution of hundreds of thousands of people. Bob Dylan uses his songs as a way to comment on life, humanity, sparking social reforms. His childhood during the time period he lived in influenced his writing greatly through watching major historical event occur such as the Civil Rights Movement, World War Two, the Vietnam War and the assassination of President Kennedy. A famous song, Blowin in the Wind talks about society’s inability to change their views, and can be translated to be an antiwar anthem or a Civil Rights commentary. Bob Dylan is criticized mainly on whether his songs can be called poetry and if he can be considered an artist. Also, the politics brought into his writing are very controversial. All in all, Bob Dylan’s songs had a considerable impact on society because of his commentary on humanity. Works Cited â€Å"Bob Dylan.† Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Karwowski, Michael. â€Å"Is Bob Dylan an Artist?† Contemporary Review 1 June 2004: n. pag. Print. Wenner, Jann S. â€Å"The Rolling Stone Interview: Bob Dylan.† Rolling Stone 29 Nov. 1969: 32-35. Rolling Stone. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Wenke, Joseph. â€Å"Bob Dylan.† The Beats: Literary Bohemians in Postwar America. Ed. Ann Charters. Detroit. Gale Research, 1983. Dictionary of Litereary Biograhy Vol 16. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. Yaffe, David. Bob Dylan: Like a Complete Unknown. New Haven [Conn.: Yale UP, 2011. Print.

Childcare Level

The expected stage of social development for a child age four is being able to eat with a fork and spoon, despite not being able to use a knife yet the child should be able to skillfully use a fork and spoon on their own. They should also be able to dress and undress themselves, but not yet expected to be able to tie laces, or back buttons. They should also be able to do more hygiene essentials such as washing and drying their hands without any support/ help, and brush their teeth.They should also have developed a skill to show sensitivity towards their friends and other people and show n understanding of how the other person may feel. They should also show a willingness to be around and play with other children, and Like to be Independent and take more control in what they do. They should start to show a sense of humor when talking In a conversation, or wealth an actively.The expected stage of social development for a child age five would be for a child to be able to dress and undre ss themselves with no help, and beginning to learn how to do laces, but may show some difficulty. They should be able to find an Interest In an activity for a longer period of mime, without needing the attention of an adult or getting bored. An example of this would be reading a story or watching a film.They should be able to show an understanding to other people's emotions, and show sympathy and comfort to their friends when they are hurt. As well as this enjoy looking after and petting pets. They will have certain likes and dislikes, and have strong opinions on it; some may have no apparent logic such as cutting a piece of food in a certain way for them to like it. They will be able to choose their own friends, and be able to make decisions whether they like someone or dislike someone for a reason. Childcare Level The expected stage of social development for a child age four is being able to eat with a fork and spoon, despite not being able to use a knife yet the child should be able to skillfully use a fork and spoon on their own. They should also be able to dress and undress themselves, but not yet expected to be able to tie laces, or back buttons. They should also be able to do more hygiene essentials such as washing and drying their hands without any support/ help, and brush their teeth.They should also have developed a skill to show sensitivity towards their friends and other people and show n understanding of how the other person may feel. They should also show a willingness to be around and play with other children, and Like to be Independent and take more control in what they do. They should start to show a sense of humor when talking In a conversation, or wealth an actively.The expected stage of social development for a child age five would be for a child to be able to dress and undre ss themselves with no help, and beginning to learn how to do laces, but may show some difficulty. They should be able to find an Interest In an activity for a longer period of mime, without needing the attention of an adult or getting bored. An example of this would be reading a story or watching a film.They should be able to show an understanding to other people's emotions, and show sympathy and comfort to their friends when they are hurt. As well as this enjoy looking after and petting pets. They will have certain likes and dislikes, and have strong opinions on it; some may have no apparent logic such as cutting a piece of food in a certain way for them to like it. They will be able to choose their own friends, and be able to make decisions whether they like someone or dislike someone for a reason.

Apush Textbook Notes

Shaping of North America – Pangea Split North America formed – â€Å"America’s Mountains† = Rockies, Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges Peopling the Americas – 35,000 years ago = Ice Age Glaciers that connected Eurasia with N. America (present day Bering Sea) Nomadic Asian hunters (immigrant ancestors of the Natives) Trekked across the Bering isthmus for 250 centuries Reached far tip of S. America (15,000 miles from Siberia) By the time Europeans arrived in 1492, 54 million people inhabited the two Am. Continents Incas in PeruMayans in Central America Aztecs in Mexico – Four Great Nations (Natives, before colonists) Aztecs Maya Inca Cahokia – Maize = Indian corn – Built elaborate cities and carried on far-flung commerce – Mathematicians (made accurate astronomical observations) – Aztecs Sought the favor of their gods by offering human sacrifices (over 5,000 people ritually slaughtered for crowning of ONE chiefta in) The Earliest Americans – Agriculture Corn growing Accounted for size and sophistication of Na. A. in Mexico and S. A. 000 BC, hunter-gatherers in highland Mexico developed wild grass into the staple crop of corn – Became staff of life and foundation of complex, large-scare, centralized Aztec and Incan nation-states that eventually emerged Process went slowly and unevenly Corn planting reached American Southwest by 1200 BC – Pueblo people (Rio Grande valley) constructed irrigation systems to water their cornfields.Dwelled in villages of multistory buildings. – No dense concentrations of population or complex nation states comparable to the Aztec empire existed in N. Am. outside of Mexico when the Europeans arrived. Mound Builders (Ohio River valley), Anasazi (Southwest) sustained large settlements after incorporating corn planting. – Cultivation of MAIZE, BEANS, SQUASH – â€Å"Three-Sister† Farming: Beans growing on trellis of corn stalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil – Highest population densities: Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee – Natives in N. Am. lived in small, scattered, impermanent settlements – Women tended to crops, Men hunted, fished, gathered fuel and cleared fields for planting – Iroquois Developed matrilinear cultures, power and possessions passed down the female side of the family line.Natives didn’t want to manipulate nature aggressively – Revered physical world and endowed nature with spiritual properties Indirect Discoverers of the New World – Norse seafarers from Scandinavia had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of N. Am. AD 1000. – Landed near present day Newfoundland Lots of grapes – Named Vinland Forgotten except for in song Europeans Enter Africa – Marco Polo (Italian adventurer) returned to Europe 1295, telling tales about China – Portuguese Columbus Comes upon a New World – Oct 12, 1492 = Sighted island in Bahamas – Discovery convulsed four continents Europe AfricaTwo Americas – Global economic system When Worlds Collide – Columbus Exchange â€Å"Discovered† America Old New: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever, slave labor New Old: Gold, silver, corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, vanilla, chocolate, syphilis New race Hispanic/Latino The Spanish Conquistadores – 1500s God, glory, GOLD. Encomienda Any Spaniard with a farm or a mine can force natives to work for them – 1512: New laws of Spain (to address the above about Encomienda) – Europe + Africa + AmericasElizabeth Energizes England Francis Crake was a sea dog of Queen Elizabeth Sir Walter Raleigh organized a trip in 1585 in North Carolina’s Roanoke Island to try to colonized it England on the Eve of Empire 27-28: enclosing [enc losure]; tenancy; joint-stock companies since only the eldest son of the family could inherit, the others wuld look for fortune somewhere else the men joined joint stock exchange companies where they pooled together their finances England Plants the Jamestown Seedling Virginia Company; ‘rights of Englishmen’Received charter form Kind James I for a settlement in the New World Mainly for gold and passage to the Indies Guaranteed to overseas settlers the same rights of English men Even if their not in the country This would be the start of resentment from colonists before the revolution because of lack of rights of Englishmen 1606 2 ships landed near Chesapeake Bay May 24, 1607 Jamestown was founded After many voyages to Jamestown Many of the colonists were unaccustomed to fending for themselves and also wasted time looking for gold John Smith; Powhatan John SmithYoung adventure took control of Jamestown in 1608 His rule was : â€Å"he who shall not work shall not ear In December1607 he was kidnapped by Powhatan and subjected to a mock execution Pocahontas saved him by putting her head on top of his Symbolism was to impress Smith with Powhatans power and Indians desire for peaceful relations with the colonist Pocahontas was a intermediary between the 2 side to preserve shaky peace and provide for foodstuff ‘starving time’=winter People would eat dogs, cats, mice, corpses, one man even murdered his wife and ate her Only 60 settlers survived 609-1610 Pocahontas married John Rolfe and ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614 The Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644 defeated the VirginiansVirginia: Child of Tobacco Economy ‘built on tobacco’ John Rolfe became the â€Å"father of tobacco† and saved the economy of Virginia 1612 he perfected the methods of raising and curing weeds The Virginians were so concentrated planting tobacco that they had to important some of their food It ruined the soil 1619 (year before pilgrims c ame on the Mayflower)a Dutch ship came and sold 20 Africans House of Burgesses epresentative self government born in Virginia in 1619 London Company authorized settlers to summon an assembly known as House of Burgesses Royal Colony (what went wrong? ) **1624, James I(detested tobacco and he distrusted the House of Burgesses) revoked charter of the bankrupt Virginia Company, making Virginia a royal colony under his control Maryland: Catholic Haven Lord Baltimore; Maryland 2nd plantation colony was founded in 1624 by Lord Baltimore who is of a prominent English Catholic family(4th colony to be planted) he created Maryland as refuge for his fellow CatholicsThe Catholics were rewarded with great manors and land Source(s) of tension between Catholics and Protestants? The Catholic were barons while the Protestants were planters There was resentment which then brewed into the rebellion near the end of the century Maryland prospered because of the tobacco In fear of being overwhelmed by the Catholics, they supported the Act of Toleration in 1649 Toleration of Christians Bad for Jews, atheists ‘freedom of worship’ (how tolerant? Limits? ) Dominion- Many colonies, forced upon them New England Confederation -4 colonies, joined willinglyColonzing the Carolinas Carolina was founded un 1670s Rice was main export North Carolina separated from South Carolin in 1712 Most independent minded and least aristocratic of the 13 Late Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony last of the 13 Georgia was to serve as abuffer Protected the valuable Carolinas (sugar/rice) from Spaniards (FL) and French (LA) Name after George II Founded by high minded group of philanthropists Produced silk/wine Haven for sould imprisioned for depts. Plantation Colonies Note characteristics: Southern ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia They were devoted to exporting commercial agricultural products Tobacco and rice Wide scattered plantations made building schools and churches expensive and difficult Most except for some in NC and GA perfered aristocratic atmospheres All permitted relisious toleration sometax supported Church of England Relied on indentured servants/slaves later on First slaves were not Africans, they were Native Americans Constructed on rivers, easily transported * â€Å"God hath sifted a nation that he might send Choice Grain into this Wilderness† — what does this mean?William Bradford pilgram leader2 Rhode Island is the most liberal of the 13 colonies Makers of America: The English (50-51) Compare demographics of N. and S: ie, indentured males vs. families North was extreme weather, steril soil South hotdiseases Crash crops tobacco, rice, cotton Puritans vs. Indians Review Metacom’s War 1675 Metacom (King Phillip by the English)was Massasoit’s son (chief when the pilgrams landed) forged an alliance and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English billages throught New Engalnd 1676 the war end ed and 52 Puritan towns had been attacked 2 towns were destroyed entirely drastically reduced the number of colonoist Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence New England Confederation (note the date) 1643, 4 New England colonies banded together to form the NE Confederation defense against foes or potentional foes Indians, Dutch, French Runaway servants also were the Confederation’s problem Each member only had 2 votes Exclusive Puritan club Why does Charles II provide charters to Rhode Island and Connecticut? What does this say about the relationship between the colonies (esp. Massachusetts) and England in the 17th century?Connecticut 1662 a sea to sea charter grant which legalized the squatter settlements 1663 Rhode Island received charter which gave kingly sanction to the most religious toleraent government to try and get more colonies of the King’s side Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Dominion of New England 1686 How is it different from New England C onfederation? It was imposed from London Embraced all New Engalnd and then included NY and East and West Jersey Aimed at bolstering colonial defence in the event war with the Indians What is its relationship to the Navigation Acts?Designed to promot urgently needed efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws Laws reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th centery Sought to stitch Engalnd’s overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling American trade with countries not ruled by England Caused lots of smuggling Why does the Dominion break up? Head of he Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros Military background Harsh, strict He generated much hostility by his open affiliation with the despised Church of England Colonist were outraged by noisy and Sabbath profaning soldiers He stopped town meetingRestrictions of church, school, press†¦ Taxed people without consent Enforced unpopular Navigation Laws, suppress smuggling 688-1689 colonists engineered the memorable Glourious (Bloddless) Revolution broke up because of the Glourious War in England Dethrouned Chaotlic James II and enthroned Protestean rulars of Netherlands William III and Mary Found him because he dressed as a human How does turning Massachusetts into a Royal Colony affect Puritan control of politics? Why do William and Mary of England do this? Turned into royal colony in 1691New charter and governer *****What is Salutary Neglect, why does it begin, and what were its limits? New monarchs relaxed their grip on colonial trade Period of salutary neglect Hands off approach Sort of taxation, didn’t really enforce it Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors & Dutch Residues in New York *Peter Stuyvesant Expedition in 1655 led Lost his leg soldiering in the West Indies Charles II and the founding of New York 1664 Charles II granted the area to his Brother Duke of York New Amsterdam rename New York Dutch legacyDutch peppered place names all ov er including Harlem, Brookyn, Hell Gate, Easter eggs, Santa, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, and Kolf (golf) Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania; Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors Quakers Arose in England during mid 1600s Offensive to authorities, civil and religious No clergy Deep conviction, abhorred strife and warfare Refused military service Advocates of passive resistance Pacifist (some of the 1st abolitionists) William Penn 1681 he secured a grant of fertile land from the kingPennsylvania (Penn’s Woodland) Best advertised of all colonies Unlike others Penn’s inducements were truthful Liberal land policy William Penn & Pennsylvania Launched his own colony in 1681 Philadelphia (brotherly love in Greek) Penn bought land from the Indians including Chrief Tammany He was so fair that the Quakers were among them unarmed and even used them as babysitters Philadelphia Quakers and Indians; Quaker tolerance (others; religions; slavery) and the Scots Iris h Very civil Other non Quaker and non Europeans moved in andWas unusually liberal and had a representative assembly elected by land owners No tax supported state church Death penetly only for treason and murder Forced by king to deny Jews and Catholics boting rights Attarted rich mix of ethic groups Quakers were shwerd businessmen By 1700 Penn surpassed BA and MA’s population and wealth New Jersey started in 1664 The Middle Ways in the Middle Colonies Name the â€Å"middle colonies: NY, NJ DE, PN ‘bread colonies’ [bread-basket of the British colonies in America] PN NY NJ Heavy wheat economy (now it’s Midwest , Nebraska, Iowa†¦.Make the comparison: â€Å"Middle Colonies† in more than just name: land holding politics, industry Midway between New England and the southern Generally intermediate in size (except NY) Fewer industries than north no plantation like the south Religious tolerance Good economy â€Å"Most American† – explain: All rounded Made it too the big city on his own Very successful Ethnically mixed Different religions Most democratic – Europeans and Africans adapted to the New World, Natives adapted to newcomers – Rigid doctrines of Puritanism softened – All colonies remained tied to England Regional differences – Increasing importance of slave labor to southern way of life The Unhealthy Chesapeake – Nasty, brutish, shot life for ChesapeakeMalaria, dysentery and typhoid took lots of lives – Majority of immigrants were single men in their late teens and early twenties (most perished soon after arrival) – Weak family ties – Chesapeake eventually acquired immunity – More women, more families – End of 17th century, white population of Chesapeake grew based on birthrate The Tobacco Economy – Chesapeake immensely hospitable to tobacco cultivation Intense cultivation exhausted soil – This enormous production depressed pr ices, but colonial Chesapeake tobacco growers responded to falling prices in the familiar way of farmers: by planting still more acres to tobacco and bringing still more product to marketMore tobacco = More labor – Indians died too quickly – African slaves cost too much – England had may displaced farmers – â€Å"Indentured servants† – Virginia and Maryland â€Å"Headright† System = Encourage importation of servant workers – Masters reaped benefits of landownership – Investments in servants into vast holdings in real estate â€Å"White slaves† represented more than ? of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century – Indentured servants Hard but hopeful life. Freedom dues. Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion – Broken hopes of acquiring land – Hard to find single woman to marry – â€Å"having little interest in the country† and causing ‘tum ults at the election to the disturbance of his majesty’s peace† – William Berkeley (Virginian governor) – About 1,000 Virginians broke out of control in 1676 – Revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon (planter) *Rebels mainly frontiersmen – Fiercely resented Berkeley’s friendly policies toward Indians (whose thriving furtrade the governor monopolized * – Fell murderously upon Indians, friendly and hostile alike, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and put the torch to the capital * – Berkeley hung over 20 rebels * – Distant English King could scarcely imagine depths of passion and fear that Bacon’s Rebellion excited in Virginia Ignited smoldering unhappiness of landless former servants Pitted frontiersmen against haughty gentry – Less troublesome laborers to toil in the restless tobacco kingdom – Eyes it on Africa. Colonial Slavery – 10 million Africans – 400,000 of them ended up in N. Am. †“ Africans brought to Jamestown 1619, but as late as 1670s, numbered only 2,000 in Virginia – 1680s – Rising wages in England shrank pool of penniless folk – By mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies new arrivals – 1698, Royal African Company lost monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies – Rhode Islanders rushed to cash in on lucrative slave trade – Blacks accounted for nearly half the population of Virginia by 1750 S.C. , outnumbered whites two to one – Death rates on ship as high as 20% – Few of earliest African immigrants gained freedom (some became slaveowners) – White colonist reacted remorselessly to racial threat – RACE – 1662, statues appeared that formally decreed the iron conditions of slavery for blacks – â€Å"Slave Codes† made blacks and their children the property (or â€Å"chattels†) for life of their white masters – Not e ven conversion to Christianity could qualify a slave for freedom – Slavery begun because of economic reasons Racial discrimination powerfully molded American slave system Africans in America – South, slave life especially severe – Climate hostile to health – Only fresh imports could sustain the slave population under conditions – Slave population rose – Few slave societies in history to perpetuate itself by natural reproduction (Chesapeake) – Native-born African-Americans contributed to growth of a stable and distinctive slave culture – Af. Ams. = Mixture of African and American elements of speech, religion and folkways – S.C. , unique language Gullah Blended with English and several African languages – Ringshout, West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preacher’s shouts, was brought to colonial America, and contributed to development of jazz – Banjo and bong o drum also part of African contributions – Slave revolt erupted in NYC in 1712 that cost the lives of dozens of whites and caused execution of 21 blacks (burned at stake) – S. C. lacks along Stono River exploded in revolt in 1739 and tried to march to Spanish Florida (stopped by local militia) – No slave uprising in American history matched Bacon’s Rebellion Southern Society – As slavery spread, gaps in South’s social structure widened – Rough equality defined hierarchy of wealth and status in early 18th century – Owning gangs of slaves and vast domains of land, planters ruled region’s economy and monopolized political powerHouse of Burgesses Before Revolutionary War, 70% of leaders of Virginia legislature came from families established in VA before 1690 – the famed â€Å"first families of Virginia† or â€Å"FFVs† – Merchant planters Not gentlemanly Cultivated arts and accumulated distinguish ed libraries Businessmen (labored long hours) – One governor allowed servants to get drunk the next day if they would only lay off the liquor long enough to look after his guests at a celebration or the queen’s birthday in 1711 – Small farmers – Largest social group – Landless whites – Luckless former indentured servants – Indentured servants – Black slaves = basement of society Few cities sprouted in colonial South (professional class slow to emerge and revolved around great plantations) – Waterways provided principal means of transport – Roads hard to travel by The New England Family -New England settlers have good lives: 10 additional years of life expectancy, clean air and water, cool temperature. -New Englanders migrated as families. -Women wedded early (around 20) and had babies every 2 years until menopause. -Because women we’re dying from giving birth, many women began to fear pregnancy. -Children r eceived guidance from their parents and their grandparents.Strong family relationships. -Southern men frequently died young and left wives as widows. The southern colonies later allowed married women to retain separate title to their property. They were also given the right to inherit their husband’s estate. -New England lawmakers worried that recognizing women’s separate property rights would undercut the unity of married people. So, women gave up their property rights when married. -Women couldn’t vote, morally weaker than men. -New England authorities begin to restrain abusive spouses. -Divorce was rare and authorities encouraged couples to get back together.Life in the New England Towns -Puritans- concerned about whole community. -After proprietors received grants of land, they moved with their families and started a town. -Consisted of meeting house, houses, village green. -Each family received several parcels of land, a woodlot for fuel, and 2 tracts (for growing and pasturing) -A majority of adults knew how to read and write. -1636- Harvard is established/ -Regular town meetings. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials -New form of sermon â€Å"jeremiad† -Individuals testify that they had received God’s grace and therefore deserved to be admitted to the church. 1662 Half-Way Covenant- the agreement between the church and its adherents to admit to baptism.Weakened the distinction between the â€Å"elect† and the others. -Puritans begin to accept anyone into their faith. -Teenage girls claimed to be bewitched by older women. This began the â€Å"witch hunt† -1692-lynching of 21 individuals and 2 dogs -Most accused witches came from families associated with Salem’s market economy -ended in 1693 when the governor (wife accused of witch-craft) prohibited any further trials and pardoned those convicted. The New England Way of Life -Weather was bad in New England. Soil and climate produced a dive rsified agriculture and industry. -Indians are well off.Recognized the right to use the land, but individual ownership was alien to them. -English brought pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle from Europe. -Colonists continually clearing forests. -New Englanders scattered. The Early Settlers’ Days and Ways -The majority of colonists were farmers. -Women on southern plantations and farms wove, cooked, cleaned, and cared for children. Men cleared land; fenced, planted and cropped; cut firewood; and butchered livestock. -Land was cheap. The Spanish were at Santa Fe in  1610. The French were at Quebec in  1608.The English were at Jamestown, Virginia in  1607. England's Imperial Stirrings King Henry VIII  broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the  1530s, launching the  English Protestant Reformation, and intensifying the rivalry with Catholic Spain. Elizabeth Energizes England In  1580,  Francis Drake  circumnavigated the globe, plundering and returning with his ship loaded with Spanish booty. He had a profit of about 4,600%. When the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, Spain's empirical dreams and fighting spirit had been weakened – helping to ensure the English's naval dominance over the North Atlantic.England on the Eve of an Empire Because an economic  depression  hit  England  in the later part of the 1500s and many people were left without homes, the stage was set for the establishment of an English beachhead in North America. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling In  1606, a joint-stock company, known as the  Virginia Company of London,  received a charter from  King James I of England  for a settlement in the New World. The company landed in Jamestown on  May 24, 1607. In  1608,  Captain John Smith  took over the town and forced the settlers into line.By  1609, of the 400 settlers who came to Virginia, only 60 survived the â€Å"starving winter† of 1609-1610. Cultural Clash in the Chesape ake Lord De La Warr  reached Jamestown in  1610  with supplies and military. He started the  First Anglo-Powhatan War. The Indians were again defeated in the  Second Anglo-Powhatan War  in  1644. By  1685, the English considered the Powhatan people to be extinct. Virginia: Child of Tobacco John Rolfe  married  Pocahontas  in  1614,  ending  the First Anglo-Powhatan War. In  1619, self-government was made in Virginia. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the  House of Burgesses.King James I didn't trust the House of Burgesses and so in  1624, he made Virginia a colony of England, directly under his control. Maryland: Catholic Haven Maryland  was formed in  1634  by  Lord Baltimore. Maryland was made for a refuge for the Catholics to escape the wrath of the Protestant English government. The  Act of Toleration, which was passed in  1649  by the local representative group in Maryland, granted tolerati on to all Christians. The West Indies: Way Station to mainland America By the mid-17th Century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian Islands. Sugar  was, by far, the major crop on the Indian Islands.To support the massive sugar crops, millions of African slaves were imported. By 1700, the number of black slaves to white settlers in the English West Indies by nearly 4 to 1. In order to control the large number of slaves, theBarbados Slave Code of 1661  denied  even the most fundamental rights to slaves. Colonizing the Carolinas Civil war plagued England in the 1640s. In  1707, the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and migrate to the back country of Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers under  William Penn  promised better relations.Almost all of the Indians were killed in raids before they could depart – in  1710. Rice  became the primary export of the Carolinas. The Thirteen Original Colonies Name| Founded By| Year| Virginia| London Co. | 1607| New Hampshire| John Mason and Others| 1623| MassachusettsPlymouthMaine| PuritansSeparatistsF. Gorges| 162816201623| Maryland| Lord Baltimore| 1634| ConnecticutNew Haven| Mass. EmigrantsMass. Emigrants| 16351638| Rhode Island| R. Williams| 1636| Delaware| Swedes| 1638| N. Carolina| Virginians| 1653| New York| Duke of York| 1664| New Jersey| Berkeley and Carteret| 1664|Carolina| Eight Nobles| 1670| Pennsylvania| William Penn| 1681| Georgia| Oglethorpe and others| 1733| * France Finds a Foothold in Canada In  1598, the  Edict of Nantes  was issued by the crown of France. It granted limited religious freedom to French Protestants, and stopped religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics. In  1608, France established  Quebec. (Catholic)   The leading figure was  Samuel de Champlain,  an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title â€Å"Father of New France†. The government of New France (Canada) was under direct control of the king.The people did not elect any representative assemblies. New France Sets Out New France contained one valuable resource –  beaver. French Catholic missionaries, notably the  Jesuits, labored with much enthusiasm to convert the Indians to Christianity and to save them from the fur trappers. Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit in  1701  to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley. Robert de La Salle- explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it Louisiana. In order to block the Spanish on the Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several fortified posts in Mississippi and Louisiana.The French founded  New Orleans  in  1718. Illinois became France's garden empire of North America because much grain was produced there. The Clash of Empires The earliest battles among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists as  King William's War (1689-1697)  and  Q ueen Anne's War (1702-1713). Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. The wars ended in  1713  with peace terms signed at  Utrecht. France and Spain were terribly beaten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay.The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America. The War of Jenkins's Ear started in  1739  between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known as  King Georges's War in America. It ended in  1748  with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders. George Washington Inaugurates War with France In  1754, George Washington was sent to Ohio Country to secure the land of the Virginians who had secured legal rights to 500,000 acres. His 150 Virginia militia killed the French leader, causing French reinforcements to come.The Virginians were forced to surrender on  July 4, 1754. In  1755, the British uprooted the French Acadians fearing a stab in the back, and scattered them as far as Louisiana. Global War and Colonial Disunity The  French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)  started in  1754. It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean. In Europe, the principal adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other. The French wasted so many troops in Europe that they were unable to put enough forces into America.The  Albany Congress  met in  1754. Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up. It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by individual colonists and the London regime. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath General Braddock  set out in  1755  with 2,000 men to capture  Fort Duquesne. His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian army. (Braddock's Blunder)   Due to this loss of troops, the whole fro ntier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack. George Washington, with only 300 men, tried to defend the area.In  1756, the British launched a  full-scale invasion of Canada. Pitt's Palms of Victory In  1757,  William Pitt  became the foremost leader in the London government. He was known as the â€Å"Great Commoner. †Ã‚   He attacked and captured  Louisbourg  in  1758. To lead the attack in the  Battle of Quebec  in  1759, Pitt chose  James Wolfe. The two opposing armies faced each other on the  Plains of Abraham, the British under Wolfe and the French under  Marquis de Montcalm. Montreal fell in  1760. The  Treaty of Paris (1763)  ended the battle and threw the French power off the continent of North America.Restless Colonists Intercolonial disunity  had been caused by enormous distances; geographical barriers; conflicting religions, from Catholics to Quakers; varied nationalities, from German to Irish; differing types of colonial governments; many boundary disputes; and the resentment of the crude back-country settlers against the aristocrats. Americans: A People of Destiny In  1763,  Ottawa chief,  Pontiac,  led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio country.His warriors captured Detroit in the spring of that year and overran all but 3 British outposts west of the Appalachians. The British countered these attacks and eventually defeated the Indians. London government issued the  Proclamation of 1763. It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. (The Appalachian land was acquired after the British beat the Indians). It was made to prevent another bloody eruption between the settlers and Indians. Many colonists disregarded it. * The Deep Roots of Revolution Two ideas in particular had taken root in the minds of the American colonists by the mid 18th  century:   1.Rep ublicanism- a just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage. 2. â€Å"Radical Whigs†, a group of British political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the king's ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for possible corruption. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Georgia was the only colony to be formed by Britain.The  Navigation Law of 1650  stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers. The Stamp Tax Uproar Due to the French and Indian War, Britain had a very large debt. In  1763,  Prime Minister George Grenville  ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the  Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the  Sugar Act of 1764, the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England. The Sugar Act increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.The  Quartering Act of 1765  required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. In  1765, George Grenville imposed a stamp tax on the colonies to raise revenues to support the new military force. This stamp tax, known as the  Stamp Act, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. Parliament Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act The  Stamp Act Congress of 1765  brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies. The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and requested the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation.The meeting's ripples began to erode sectional suspicions (suspicions between the colonies), for it had brought together around the same table leaders from the different and rival colonies. It was one step towardsintercolonial unity. Nonimportation agreements  (agreements made to not import British goods)  were a stride toward unionism. The  Sons of Liberty  and  Daughters of Liberty  took the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements. The Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament in  1766. Parliament passed the  Declaratory Act, reaffirming its right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston Massacre In  1767, Parliament passed the  Townshend Acts. They put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. British officials, faced with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in  1768. On  March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them. The massacre was known as the  Boston Massacre. The Sediti ous Committees of Correspondence Lord North was forced to persuade Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties.Samuel Adams- master propagandist and engineer of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in  1772  (Sons of Liberty). Committees of Correspondance were created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the decade before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential. In March of  1773, the Virginia  House of Burgesses, the lower house of the Colony of Virginia, proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a standing committee for intercolonial correspondance.Within just a year, nearly all of the colonies had joined. Tea Parties at Boston and Elsewhere In  1773,  the  British East India Company  was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts,  Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.On  December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. (Boston Tea Party) Parliament Passes the â€Å"Intolerable Acts† In  1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the  Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges). One such law was the  Boston Port Act.It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured. The  Quebec Act  was also passed in  1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west. The Continental Congress and Bloodshed In  1774, the  1st Continental Congress  met in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts.The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention. (The 1st Continental Congress was not a legislative body, rather a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress. ) After 7 weeks of deliberation, the  1st Continental Congress  drew up several papers. The papers included a  Declaration of Rights  and solemn appeals to other British-American colon ies, to the king, and to the British people. The creation of  The Association  was the most important outcome of the Congress. It called for a complete  boycott  of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.In  April 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to  Lexington. They were to seize provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture the â€Å"rebel† ringleaders,  Samuel Adams  and  John Hancock. At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot and killed. This incident was labeled as the â€Å"Lexington Massacre. †Ã‚   When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance and there were over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. Because of this, the British had a  war, rather than a rebellion on their hands. Imperial Strength and WeaknessesThe population of Britain was over 3 times as large as the population of America. Britain also had a much greater economic wealth and naval power. Unfortunate ly for the British, though, there was rebellion brewing in Ireland, and France, bitter from its recent defeat, was waiting for an opportunity to attack Britain. Britain was therefore forced to divert much of its military power and concentration away from the Americas. Britain's army in America had to operate under numerous difficulties; provisions were short and soldiers were treated brutally.American Pluses and Minuses Marquis de Lafayette- French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the â€Å"French Gamecock†; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France. The  Articles of Confederation  was adopted in  1781. It was the first written constitution adopted by colonists. Due to the lack of metallic money in America, Continental Congress was forced to print â€Å"Continental† paper money. Within a short time, this money depreciated significantly and individual states were forced to print their own paper money.A Thin Line of Heroes At  Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, American men went without food for 3 days in the  winter  of  1777-1778. Baron von Steuben- German who helped to whip the America fighters into shape for fighting the British. Lord Dunmore- royal (British) governor of Virginia. In  1775, he issued a proclamation  promising freedom  for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army. â€Å"Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment† Congress Drafts George Washington The Second Continental Congress selected  George Washington  to head the army besieging Boston.Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings From April 1775 to July 1776, the colonists were both affirming their loyalty to the king by sincerely voicing their desire to patch up difficulties while at the same time raising armies and killing redcoats. In May 1775, a tiny American force under  Ethan Allen  and  Benedict Arnold  captured the British garrisons at  Ticonderoga and Crown Point. There, a stor e of gunpowder and artillery was secured. In June 1775, the colonists captured  Bunker Hill. The British took it back with a large number of soldiers.In  July 1775, the Second Continental Congress adopted the â€Å"Olive Branch Petition†, which professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. The petition was rejected by the king. With the rejection, the Americans were forced to choose to fight to become independent or to submit to British rule and power. In August 1775, King George III proclaimed that the colonies were in rebellion. He then hired German  Hessians  to bring order to the colonies. The Abortive Conquest of Canada In October 1775, the  British burned Falmouth  (Portland), Maine.In the same month, colonists made an attack on Canada in hopes that it would close it off as a possible source for a British striking point. The attack failed whenGeneral Richard Montgomery  was killed. In January 1776, the  Britis h set fire to Norfolk. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense The Americans continued to  deny any intention of independence  because loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained; many Americans continued to consider themselves apart of a transatlantic community in which the mother country of Britain played a leading role; colonial unity was poor; and open rebellion was dangerous.Thomas Paine  released a pamphlet called  Common Sense  in  1776. It argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given independence. Paine and the Idea of â€Å"Republicanism† Thomas Paine called for the creation of a new kind of political society, specifically a  republic, where power flowed from the people themselves. Jefferson's Explanation of Independence On July 2, 1776,  Richard Henry Lee  of Virginia's  resolution of declaring independence was passed. It was the formal declaration of independence by the American colonies.Thomas Je fferson  was appointed to draft up the  Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence  was formally  approved  by Congress on  July 4, 1776. It was an explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans. Patriots and Loyalists During the War of Independence, the Loyalists were called â€Å"Tories† and the Patriots were called â€Å"Whigs. †Ã‚   Tory: â€Å"a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched. † The Loyalists made up 16% of the American population. Many people of education and wealth remained loyal  Ã‚  to England.Loyalists were most numerous where the  Anglican church  was strongest. The  Loyalists  were well entrenched in  New York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania,  and  New Jersey. They were least numerous in New England. The  Patriots  were numerous where  Presbyterianism and Congregationalism  flourished-mostly in New England. The Loyali st Exodus Before the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were treated relatively mild. After, though, they were hanged, imprisoned, and roughly handled. They Loyalists were forced to leave because the Patriots had to eliminate their weaknesses.General Washington at Bay The  British  concentrated  New York City  as a base of operation due to the fact that Boston was evacuated in March 1776. In  1776, General Washington and his men were overpowered by the British at the  Battle of Long Island. Washington and his men escaped to Manhattan Island. General William Howe  was General Washington's adversary. On  December 26, 1776, Washington surprised and captured  1,000 Hessians  who were sleeping. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion London officials had an intricate scheme for capturing the vital  Hudson River valley in 1777.It would sever New England from the rest of the states and paralyze the American cause. The main invading force, lead by  General Burgoyne, w ould push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. General Howe's  troops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne near Albany. The 3rd  force was commanded by colonelBarry St. Leger, who would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley. General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at  Saratoga  on  October 17, 1777  to American general  Horatio Gates  (Burgoyne's Blunder).This win made it possible for the urgently needed  foreign aid from France. (Turning point in war. ) Strange French Bedfellows After the shooting at  Lexington  in April 1775, French secretly provided arms to the Americans. The British offered the Americans  home rule  after the Battle of Saratoga. The French didn't want Britain to regain its colonies for fear that Britain would seize the  sugar rich French West Indies. In order to stop this, the  French made an open alliance  with the Americans in  1778, o ffering all the British did with the exception of independence.The Colonial War Becomes a World War Spain and Holland became allies against Britain in  1779. The British decided to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New York City. Blow and Counterblow General Benedict Arnold  turned traitor against the Americans in 1780. General Nathaniel Greene  succeeded in clearing most British troops out of Georgia and South Carolina. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier The  Treaty of Fort Stanwix- (1784) the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation; signed with the Iroquois.George Rogers Clark- conceived the idea of capturing the British of the wild Illinois country in 1778-1779. John Paul Jones  is known as the father of the navy. He employed the tactic of privateering. Privateering- when privately owned and crewed vessels were authorized by a government during a wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels, men, cargo, etc; it diverted manpo wer from the main war effort; it brought in needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale by providing victories in a time when victories were few. Yorktown and the Final CurtainFrom 1780-1781, the U. S. government fell nearly bankrupt. British General Cornwallis  fell back to Chesapeake Bay at  Yorktown  to await seaborne supplies and reinforcements. This time in war was one of the few times when British naval superiority had been lacking. Admiral de Grasseoffered to join the Americans in an assault of Cornwallis via the sea. George Washington, along with  Rochambeau's army, and Admiral de Grasse cornered Cornwallis. He was forced to  surrender on October 19, 1781. Peace at Paris In 1782, a Whig ministry replaced the Tory regime of Lord North.Conditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1783: British formally recognized the independence of the United States. Florida is given to Spain. Britain granted generous boundaries, stretching to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. Yankees were to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. The Loyalists were to no longer be prosecuted. Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored. The states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of Loyalist property collection.Ben Franklin,  John Adams, and  John Jay  negotiated the peace terms with Britain. The Pursuit of Equality The Continental Army officers formed an exclusive hereditary order called the  Society of the Cincinnati. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom-  created in  1786  by Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers; stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person decided his/her own faith. The Philadelphia  Quakers  in  1775  founded the first  anti-slavery society. The 1st Continental Congress called for the complete  abolition of the slave trade  in  1774.Seve ral northern states went further and either abolished slavery altogether or provided the gradual emancipation of slaves. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery. Constitution Making in the States The 2nd Continental Congress called upon the colonies in  1776  to draft  new constitutions. Massachusetts called a special convention to draft its constitution and then submitted the final draft to the people. As  written  documents, the state constitutions were intended to represent a  fundamental law, superior to the short-lived impulses of ordinary legislation.In the Revolutionary era, the capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward. Economic Crosscurrents Economic democracy preceded political democracy. Due to the independence from Britain, the United States had to make everything on its own which it no longer imported from Britain. Many Americans were poor because the economy was so bad. Creat ing a Confederation Shortly before declaring independence in 1776, the 2nd  Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation.The finished product was the  Articles of Confederation. It was  adopted  by Congress in  1777  and it convinced France that America had a genuine government in the making. The Articles of Confederation wasn't  ratified by all 13 colonies until 1781. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution The 13 colonies were joined together for joint action in dealing with common problems such as foreign affairs. Congress had 2 major handicaps: It had no power to regulate commerce, and this loophole left the states free to establish conflictingly laws regarding tariffs and navigation.Congress couldn't enforce its tax collection program. The states were NOT required to pay the government taxes, they were merely asked. Landmarks in Land Laws Land Ordinance of 1785- stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- a uniform national land policy; created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals; when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states.The World's Ugly Duckling Britain declined to make any commercial treaty with the colonies or to repeal its Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffield  argued in his pamphlet that Britain could win back America's trade. The  British remained in the Americas  where they maintained their fur trade with the Indians. The American states did not honor the treaty of peace in regard to debts and Loyalists. The British stayed primarily to keep the Indians on the side of the British so to defend against future attacks on Canada by the Americans. Spain was openly unfriendly to the Americans.It closed of f the Mississippi river to commerce in  1784. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Shay's Rebellion- in western Massachusetts in  1786; when impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies, attempted to enforce their demands of cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers; led by  Captain Daniel Shays. The uprising was crushed but it left fear in the propertied class of mobs. A Convention of â€Å"Demigods† In  1786, Virginia called for a  convention at Annapolis, Maryland.There,  Alexander Hamilton  saved the convention from collapsing – delegates from only 5 states showed up. He called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with just commerce, but to  fix then entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamilton  was an advocate of a super-powerful central government. On  May 25, 1787, 55 representa tives from all of the states except for Rhode Island were sent to Philadelphia to talk of the government in the future of the country. (Constitutional Convention)   George Washington was elected as the leader. Patriots in PhiladelphiaThe delegates hoped to save the revolutionary idealism and make it into a strong political structure. Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises Some of the delegates decided they would  scrap  the old Articles of Confederation, contradicting instructions from Congress to revise it. The â€Å"large-state plan† was proposed by Virginia and was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. It said that the arrangement in Congress should be based upon a state's population. New Jersey presented the â€Å"small-state plan. †Ã‚   It centered on equal representation in Congress without regards to a state's size or population.The â€Å"Great Compromise† of the convention was hammered out and finally agreed upon. It called for representation by population in the  House of Representatives, and equal representation in the  Senate. Each state would have 2 senators. The new  Constitution  also called for a President. Because of arguments over if the slaves would count towards the general population of the state, the â€Å"three-fifths compromise† was created. The new Constitution also called for the  end of the slave trade by the end of 1807. All new state constitutions except Georgia's forbade overseas slave trade.Rhode Island was not present at the Constitutional Convention. Safeguards for Conservatism The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property; and politically-favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with checks and balances among them. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists The Anti-federalists were led by  Samuel Adams,  Patrick Henry, and  Richard Henry Lee. The followers consisted of states' rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse farmers – in general, the poorest class.Federalists were led by  George Washington  and  Benjamin Franklin. Most of the Federalists lived in the settled areas along the seaboard. Overall, they were wealthier than the Anti-federalists, more educated, and better organized. They also controlled the press. The Great Debate in the States Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire were the first 9 states to sign the Constitution. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were the only states to not sign it. (4 Laggard States)The Four Laggard States Virginia, New York, and North Carolina all ratified the Constitution before it was put into effect. Rhode Island was the last state to ratify it and it did so only after the new government had been in operation for a few months. These 4 states did not ratify the Constitution because the y wanted to but because they had to. They could not safely exist outside the fold. A Conservative Triumph The architects of the Constitution contented that every branch-executive, judiciary, and legislative-effectively represented the people.By imbedding the principle of self-rule in a self-limiting system of checks and balances among these 3 branches, the Constitution settled the conflicting doctrines of liberty and order. * Washington for President George Washington was unanimously elected as President by the Electoral College in  1789. He took the oath of office on April 30, 1789. He established the cabinet. At first,  Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson,  Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and  Secretary of War Henry Knox  served under Washington. Bill of Rights James Madison  wrote the  Bill of Rights  and got them passed by Congress in  1791.The  Judiciary Act of 1789  created the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general. John Jay  became the first Chief Justice. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit In order to create a thriving federal government,  Alexander Hamilton  set out to create a plan to shape the policies of the administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. These wealthier groups would then gratefully lend their money and political support to the government. The wealth in the government would then trickle down through society.In this plan, Hamilton persuaded Congress to fund the entire national debt at par, meaning that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest. This would strengthen the national credit by creating public confidence in the small Treasury department. He then convinced Congress to take on the states' debts, which would create confidence in the government by the states. States with large debts, like Massachusetts, were delighted with Hamilton's proposal, but states with small debts, like Virginia, did not want the government to assume state ebts. Virginia did, however, want the forthcoming federal district, the District of Columbia, which would bring commerce and prestige. So Virginia made a deal with the government:   the government would assume state debts if the District of Columbia was placed on the Potomac River. The deal was passed by Congress in  1790. Customs, Duties, and Excise Taxes One of Hamilton's objectives was to keep a  national debt, believing that the more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success of the government.In this objective, he expected  tariff revenues  to pay interest on the huge debt and run the government. The first tariff law, which imposed a low tax of 8% on the value of imports, was passed by Congress in  1789. Its purpose was to create revenue and to create a small protective wall around small industries. He passed additional internal revenue and, in  1791, convinced Congress to pass an  excise tax  on a few domestic items, notably whiskey. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Alexander Hamilton proposed a  Bank of the United States  that could print paper money and thus provide a stable national currency.The national bank would also be place where the Treasury could deposit monies. Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed the Bank stating it was unconstitutional. He felt that the states had the right to manage their own money. Most of the opposition came from the south and most of the support came from the north. Hamilton prevailed and the 1st  Bank of the United States was created in  1791. Its charter lasted for 20 years and was located in Philadelphia. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania The  Whiskey Rebellion  in Pennsylvania in  1794  was lead by distillers who strongly opposed the 1791 excise tax on whiskey.The rebellion was ended when President Washington sent in federal troops. Although the troops faced no opposition, a strong message was sent by the government stating that it would enforce the law. The Emergence of Political Parties Political parties had not existed in America when George Washington took office. What was once a personal feud between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had developed into a full-blown and bitter political rivalry. In the 1790s, Jefferson and Madison organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian program but confined it to Congress.In due time, this organized opposition grew and the  two-party system  emerged. The Impact of the French Rebellion When Washington's first administration had ended in 1793, a formation of two political groups had ensued:   Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans  and  Hamilton Federalists. The  French Revolution  started in  1789. It began peacefully but entered a violent phase when France declared war on Austria in 1792. Things sta rted to get worse when King Louis XVI was beheaded in 1793, the church was attacked, and the head-rolling Reign of Terror was begun.At first, the Federalists supported the revolution  but that view suddenly changed when the attitude of the revolution changed. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans wanted to get into the  French and British War  to fight  for  France. The Federalists were  opposed. Washington issued the  Neutrality Proclamation of 1793  stating the country's neutrality from the Britain-France war. He was backed by Hamilton. Embroilments with Britain For years, the British had retained the frontier posts on U. S. soil, all in defiance of the peace treaty of 1783.The London government did not want to abandon the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes region, and British agents openly sold firearms to the  Miami Confederacy, an alliance of 8 Indian nations who terrorized Americans. The Jeffersonians felt that American s hould again fight Britain in defense of America's liberties. The Federalists opposed this action because Hamilton's hopes for economic development depended on trade with Britain. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell In a last attempt to avoid war, President Washington sent Chief Justice  John Jay  to London in  1794  to negotiate.Opposed by Democratic-Republicans, Jay hammered out a treaty,  Jay's Treaty, in which the British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U. S. soil and pay for damages for the seizures of American ships. Britain stopped short of pledging anything about future maritime seizures or about supplying arms to Indians. The treaty also called for the U. S. to continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary War accounts. Jay's Treaty caused Spain, which feared an Anglo-American alliance, to strike a deal with the U. S.In  Pinckney's Treaty of 1795  with Spain, Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida. In his Farewell Address to the nation, Washington urged against permanent alliances. He left office in  1797. John Adams Becomes President John Adams  beat Thomas Jefferson to become to the  2nd  President in 1797. Hamilton became the leader of the  Federalist Party, known as the â€Å"High Federalists. † Unofficial Fighting with France France was upset with Jay's Treaty and it started capturing American