European community law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2134 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Community Essay Did you like this example? To what extent can it be said that the European Court of Justice has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“run wildà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in its creation of the fundamental principles of European Community Law? Introduction The Court of Justice of the European Communities sits in Luxembourg. Arnull et al[1] accord this body a seminal role: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Some of the concepts which are fundamental to the way in which the Community functions are to be found, not in the Treaties themselves, but in the case law of the Court.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The composition of the Court is idiosyncratic and currently consists of 25 judges assisted by 8 Advocates General. The role of the latter has no equivalent in the UK legal system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "European community law" essay for you Create order The Advocate General is to present an independent and impartial opinion to the Court after the parties have concluded their submissions. This opinion shares the character of a reserved judgment in the English courts but it would be incorrect to suppose that the Advocate is effectively sitting as a judge of first instance. His role is to make a recommendation. In practice, however, the views of the Advocate are usually adopted and currently the Court will frequently refer to the Advocateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reasoning and conclusions in its own judgment. The role of the Advocate General in the development of the case law of the Union is therefore unique and highly influential. Criticism of the Court There has been frequent criticism of the Court on the basis that it is influenced by political and ideological considerations and that the role of the judges is therefore somehow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“less pureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  than that of the domestic judiciary. This criticism was acknowledg ed by the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities[2]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A strong and independent Court of Justice is an essential part of the structure of the European Unionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We note the criticisms of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“judicial activismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which have been levelled against the Court but these appear to be based mainly on cases where the Court has made Community Law effective against defaulting Member States at the instance of individuals seeking to enforce their rights.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Therefore, is it correct to conclude that the developing jurisprudence of the European Court has exceeded appropriate bounds or might it be the case as the Select Committee suggests that such criticisms are more a matter of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sour grapesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ? Interpretation v. Precedent There are some grounds upon which it might be argued that the Court is liberal in its interpretation of the instruments which are placed before it. For example , in CILFIT v Ministry of Health[3], the Court stated that it should interpret Community provisions by reference to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the characteristic features of Community law and the particular difficulties to which its interpretation gives riseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This might be taken to be the Court allowing itself an inappropriate degree of latitude. However, there is one immediate practical consideration that should be borne in mind. Community law is published in a number of different languages with no one language being regarded as more authentic than any other this is bound, of itself, to give rise to contextual difficulties. This was specifically acknowledged in Bouchereau[4] when the Court stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The different language versions of a Community text must be given a uniform interpretation and hence in the case of divergence between interpretations the provision in question must be interpreted by reference to the purpose and general scheme of the rules of which it forms a part [emphasis supplied].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It would, however, be erroneous to suppose that the Court will only take account of these more general factors in instances of linguistic difficulty. Indeed in CILFIT (supra) there was express reference to the need to place every provision of Community law in its context and to interpret it in the light of Community law as a whole having regard to the objectives of Community law and its present state of development. In addition, there are instances in which the Court will look to the domestic laws of Member States where a particular Community provision is silent on the issue. An example of this was A M S Europe Ltd v Commission[5] in which the law of Members States was used to justify a finding of legal professional privilege in EC competition cases. Possibly the greatest concern in terms of the consistent operation of the ECJ is the approach to precedent. The Court of Justice is not bound by its own previous decisions. Thi s has an unfortunate practical consequence in that under Article 234 EC national courts may request preliminary rulings from the Court. In the absence of a binding doctrine of precedent, this has the result that national courts may request such a ruling notwithstanding the fact that the point in issue may already have been considered. However, it may be argued that an effective equivalent to a binding doctrine of precedent is emerging. Where in Article 234 proceedings the Court is asked to rule on an issue that has already come before it, it will simply repeat its earlier ruling: thus in Sheptonhurst Ltd v Newham Borough Council[6] the court repeated its ruling in Quietlynn Ltd v Southend Borough Council[7]. In an oblique fashion, the binding nature of precedent upon national courts was recognised in CILFIT (supra at para.21): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law is requiredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to brin g the matter before the Court of Justice, unless it has established that the question raised is irrelevant or that the Community provision in question has already been interpreted by the Court or that the correct application of Community law is so obvious as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is submitted that this raises an alarming prospect. While an form of precedent by which previous decisions of the European Court are effectively binding upon national courts is established. The Court of Justice remains free to depart from its own rulings. Perhaps, however, this is not so alarming as might appear at first sight: it creates a situation which is reminiscent of the much-loved debate among English constitutional lawyers as to whether the House of Lords can bind itself. It does however leave the way open for a considerable degree of judicial activism. Arnull et al[8] observe somewhat wryly: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The reader of the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ju dgments will be struck by the fact that previous decisions are often only cited by the Court where they support its argument. Authorities which point the other way are sometimes not mentioned at all, and sometimes even resented as if they support the line the Court has chosen to take.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Critics The leading critic of the judicial activism of the Court is, of course, Rasmussen[9] whose work although now somewhat antiquated still contains the valid criticism that the Court seeks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“inspiration of guidelines which are essentially political of nature and hence, not judicially applicable. This is the root of judicial activism which may be an usurpation of powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . By contrast, Cappelletti[10] argued that the Court had a higher function as a constitutional court and should therefore look to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“higher lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and that the approach of the ECJ was fully legitimate since it was founded upon the wording and spirit of the EC Treaty itself. A robust defence has also been supplied by Advocate General Jacobs[11]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If the, the Court sometimes performs the task of a Constitutional Court, and if it has developed constitutional principles in its case law, we can understand why, in some quarters, the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activities have been misunderstood. The Court has sometimes been criticised as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"political courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  He then proceeds to argue that principles of constitutional jurisprudence will not be familiar in all Member States and it is this which may give rise to the misunderstanding and concludes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yet, in the Community system, which is based on the notion of a division of powers, some form of constitutional adjudication is inescapable, if indeed the Community is to be based, as its founders intended, on the rule of law.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Another Advocate General[12] is defensive: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is right to r emark on the extent to which the existing jurisdictions of the Court have withstood the determined assaults upon its positionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The fact that, over a number of years, even following what were at the time considered to be extremely far-reaching decisions, the Member States have again, and again unanimously both explicitly and implicitly given retrospective approbation to the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case law cannot fail to be a matter for satisfaction.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A more reasoned response to this somewhat smug conclusion is expressed by Craig and de Burca[13]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is of course true that all constitutional courts must engage with political issues, but, given the unaccountability of courts, the nature and origin of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unwrittenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ values which they promote should undoubtedly be critically scrutinised, as should the extent to which their decisions seem to depart from what their express powers would appear to allow. Perha ps more importantly, such judicial decision-making requires full and thorough justification, whereas the reasoning of the ECJ tends to be rather thin.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Conclusion Thus it will be observed that the European Court of Justice continues to excite controversy. The criticism that it has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“run wildà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in its creation of the fundamental principles of European Community law is therefore superficially attractive. Arguments can easily be marshalled in support of such a view. Of particular concern are the distinctions which will inevitably be drawn between this Court and the domestic courts of the Member States. Perhaps this is nowhere more so than in the UK. This countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s long-established common law system with its strict adherence to precedent and rigid rules in relation to statutory interpretation as well as its insistence upon Parliamentary sovereignty is bound to conflict with the somewhat freewheeling approach of the ECJ. The re is also the deep-rooted suspicion (fuelled by the Euro-sceptic/Euro-phobe) that the European Court is an essentially political animal designed to achieve the implementation of the social engineering for which the Community is perceived to be responsible. In this regard it is true that the Court has done itself few favours; most notably by seeking to impose the following of precedent upon the national courts while continuing to regard itself as free of such constraints. While acknowledging the legitimacy of such concerns, a criticism as severe as that which forms the title hereof is probably not justified. In particular, two factors should be emphasised. First, as has been seen above in the case of preliminary rulings, the Court does impose upon itself a degree of discipline. It cannot therefore be said that its rulings are entirely capricious or based to too great a degree upon political considerations. Second, the role of the ECJ as a constitutional court should be taken serious ly. While such an entity familiar to those such as the Germans but somewhat alien to the English legal system may be regarded with suspicion, this does not diminish its status or the need for a body to fulfil such a function within the European Community. Finally, it should be borne in mind that the EC is still a relatively young institution. Certainly, it would be unfair to judge its legal institutions and jurisprudence by comparison with those of countries which enjoy many centuries of legal heritage. If the infant or adolescent ECJ has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“run wildà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , greater maturity might be anticipated. Bibliography Arnull, A., Judicial architecture or judicial folly? The challenge facing the European Union (1999) 24 EL Rev 516 Arnull, A., Dashwood, A., Dougan, M., Ross, M., Spaventa, E. Wyatt, D., European Union Law, (5th Ed., 2006) Craig, P. de Burca, G., EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials, (3rd Ed., 2003) Fennelly, N., Preserving the Legal Coherenc e within the New Treaty: The ECJ after the Treaty of Amsterdam, (1998), 5 MJ 185 House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 1996 Intergovernmental Conference (Session 1994-5, 21st Report, HL Paper 105) Jacobs, F., Is the Court of Justice of the European Communities a Constitutional Court? in Curtin, D. Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Keefe (Eds.), Constitutional Adjudication in European Community and National Law (1992) 25 Rasmussen, H., On Law and Policy in the European Court of Justice, (1986) Footnotes [1] Arnull, A., Dashwood, A., Dougan, M., Ross, M., Spaventa, E. Wyatt, D., European Union Law, (5th Ed., 2006), p.388 [2] 1996 Intergovernmental Conference (Session 1994-5, 21st Report, HL Paper 105) [3] Case 283/81 [1982] ECR 3415 [4] Case 30/77 [1977] ECT 1999 [5] Case 155/79 [1982] ECR 1575 [6] [1991] ECR I-2387 [7] [1990] ECR I-3059 [8] Op. Cit., p.409 [9] Rasmussen, H., On Law and Policy in the European Court of Justice, (1986) [10] Cappelletti, M., The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective, (1989) [11] Jacobs, F., Is the Court of Justice of the European Communities a Constitutional Court? in Curtin, D. Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Keefe (Eds.), Constitutional Adjudication in European Community and National Law (1992) 25 at 32 [12] Fennelly, N., Preserving the Legal Coherence within the New Treaty: The ECJ after the Treaty of Amsterdam, (1998), 5 MJ 185 at 198 [13] Craig, P. de Burca, G., EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials, (3rd Ed., 2003), p p.99-100

Hidden Truths in The Possibility of Evil” by Shirley...

Underneath a good moral, there could be a hidden truth. In, â€Å"The Possibility of Evil†, Shirley Jackson shows how the protagonist, Miss Strangeworth presumes she is protecting her neighborhood by eliminating the evil that exists within her community, but ironically, she is the most evil neighbor of all. In the beginning, the community considers Miss Strangeworth an old, caring and respected woman. Throughout the story, a handful of community members realize Miss Strangeworth is a bitter, insensitive woman, who is creating more evil in the neighborhood. In other words, Miss Strangeworth’s intentions to rid her neighborhood of evil, ultimately has the opposite effect and ironically creates more dilemma. To start with, as the story begins†¦show more content†¦Thus, Miss Strangeworth is considered a respected and caring old woman, which the community can look up to. Throughout the story, some community members realize Miss Strangeworth is a bitter and insensitive old woman, whose intentions to rid of evil backfire and end up creating more trouble for her. Firstly, Miss Strangeworth writes insensitive and harsh letters to community members, writing letters to her neighbors with her unwanted opinions. Miss Strangeworth writes a letter to the same young couple that asks for her guidance, â€Å"DIDN’T YOU EVER SEE AN IDIOT CHILD BEFORE? SOME PEOPLE JUST SHOULDN’T HAVE CHILDREN, SHOULD THEY?†(3). Here, Miss Strangeworth expresses her harsh words to the young couple about their child. She feels like she is giving them the right advice to raise a child and rid evil from her community, but her harsh words are hurting her neighbors and creating more trouble for them. Secondly, Miss Strangeworth feels like she is ridding her town of evil and is the only saviour for the community. Miss Strangeworth thinks it’s her â€Å"duty to keep her town alert†¦there were so many wicked people in the world† (3). Miss Strangeworth thinks of herself as the only one attempting to prevent evil as there is too much evil in the world now days. She feels as if she is doing her job and there is nothing wrong with what she is doing. Lastly, as Miss Strangeworth thinks very highly of herShow MoreRelatedEssay about Allegory and Satire in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson2337 Words   |  10 PagesOriginally printed in the June 26, 1948 issue of The New Yorker, Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† brought about controversy from the beginning. Magazine subscriptions were immediately canceled due to the outrage at the brutal underlying message. Mrs. Jackson tore down virtually every institution that American Citizens hold dear to their hearts. Jackson believes we should not just blindly follow authority or blindly partake in any traditions that we may not understand to the full extent. â€Å"Any humanRead M oreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesLas Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University v Acknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends andRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesand interesting. The joy of the chase has made this an intriguing endeavor through the decades. Still, it is always difficult to abandon interesting cases that have stimulated student discussions and provoked useful insights, but newer case possibilities are ever contesting for inclusion. Examples of good and bad handling of problems and opportunities are forever emerging. But sometimes we bring back an oldie, and with updating, gain a new perspective. For new users, I hope the book will meet

Busn Law free essay sample

The contract provided for an annual salary, insurance benefits, and other employment benefits. Another doctor, Dr. Quan, also practiced with Dr. Vranich. About nine months later, when Dr. Quan left the practice, Vranich and Winkel entered into an oral modification of their written contract whereby Winkel was to receive a higher salary and a profit-sharing bonus. During the next year, Winkel received the increased salary. However, a disagreement arose, and Winkel sued to recover the profit-sharing bonus. Under Montana law, a written contract can be altered only in writing or by an executed oral agreement. Dr. Vranich argued that the contract could not be enforced because it was not in writing. Does Winkel receive the profit-sharing bonus? Did Dr. Vranich act ethically in raising the defense that the contract was not in writing? Winkel v. Family Health Care, P. C. , 205 Mont. 40, 668 P. 2d 208, Web 1983 Mont. Lexis 785 (Supreme Court of Montana) In the matter of Winkel v. We will write a custom essay sample on Busn Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Family Health Care P. C. , the initial agreement and contract is not in questioned as there was no disagreement and Dr. Winkel proceeded to be employed for a period of at least 9 months. The Offeror of this initial contract was Loren Vranich aka Family Health Care P. C. and the Offeree was Dr. Winkel. A legally enforceable contract was entered into on that date. Yes! Because in the State that this contract is performed under, Winkel is entitled to the profit share bonus. The original written contract states nothing about the raise or profit-share. Unfortunately because FHC went into an oral modification of the written contract which is permitted in the State, FHC must hold to its oral obligation. At a later date after a fellow doctor had left an offer was made to increase Dr. Winkle’s salary and he would be offered a profit sharing bonus. This supplemental oral contract bared the form of a unilateral contract in that the Offeror’s offer could only be accepted by the performance of an act by the Offeree. (Cheeseman p 157) No! Dr. Vranich did act ethically by owning up to one part of the oral modification in paying Winkel the higher salary. By executing one portion of the oral modification she maybe felt she did not have to execute the other portion. Dr. Vranich did not act ethically in raising this defense because an oral modification was made and partially executed which in the State that this occurred allows an executed oral agreement. 10. 7 Acceptance Peter Andrus owned an apartment building that he had insured under a fire insurance policy sold by J. C. Durick Insurance (Durick). Two months prior to the expiration of the policy, Durick notified Andrus that the building should be insured for $48,000 (or 80 percent of the building’s value), as required by the insurance company. Andrus replied that (1) he wanted insurance to match the amount of the outstanding mortgage on the building (i. e. , $24,000) and (2) if Durick could not sell this insurance, he would go elsewhere. Durick sent a new insurance policy in the face amount of $48,000, with the notation that the policy was automatically accepted unless Andrus notified him to the contrary. Andrus did not reply. However, he did not pay the premiums on the policy. Durick sued Andrus to recover these premiums. Who wins? J. C. Durick Insurance v. Andrus, 139 Vt. 150, 424 A. 2d 249, Web 1980 Vt. Lexis 1490 (Supreme Court of Vermont) 11. 4 Preexisting Duty Robert Chuckrow Construction Company (Chuckrow) was employed as the general contractor to build a Kinney Shoe Store. Chuckrow employed Ralph Gough to perform the carpentry work on the store. The contract with Gough stipulated that he was to provide all labor, materials, tools, equipment, scaffolding, and other items necessary to complete the carpentry work. Gough’s employees erected 38 trusses at the job site. The next day, 32 of the trusses fell off the building. The reason for the trusses having fallen was unexplained, and evidence showed that it was not due to Chuckrow’s fault or a deficiency in the building plans. Chuckrow told Gough that he would pay him to reerect the trusses and continue work. When the job was complete, Chuckrow paid Gough the original contract price but refused to pay him for the additional cost of reerecting the trusses. Gough sued Chuckrow for this expense. Can Gough recover? Robert Chuckrow Construction Company v. Gough, 117 Ga. App. 140, 159 S. E. 2d 469, Web 1968 Ga. App. Lexis 1007 (Court of Appeals of Georgia) 13. 1 Unilateral Mistake Mrs. Chaney died, leaving a house in Annapolis, Maryland. The representative of her estate listed the property for sale with a real estate broker, stating that the property was approximately 15,650 square feet. Drs. Steele and Faust made an offer of $300,000 for the property, which was accepted by the estate. A contract for the sale of the property was signed by all the parties. When a subsequent survey (done before the deed was transferred) showed that the property had an area of 22,047 square feet, the estate requested the buyers to pay more money for the property. When the estate refused to transfer the property to the buyers, they sued for specific performance. Can the estate rescind the contract?

Personal Perspective on Ethics Essay Example

Personal Perspective on Ethics Paper Ethics Is a very complex web of what is right and wrong as a route to living life In our own Justifiable terms. When I think about what ethics means to me, I do not really consider government regulations, religious beliefs, or social norms. I dont consider government regulations in the sense that I have grown up to be shaped by them but now as a cognizant being I can realize that I do not agree with a significant proportion of them and do not hold complete faith in the system. I am not religious and although I have attended church services and taken some theology courses I do to feel the need for its teachings to guide me at this point. Social norms, well, I feel that this is obviously self-explanatory, but if you dont know me all that well, then lets just say that I see a lot of negative Influences on our society. I cannot say that the systems stated earner have not shaped my beliefs but knowledge has guided me to pick and choose what I believe is sensible and just. How do I make decisions about what is right or wrong? Well, I take previous experiences and judge from that point. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Perspective on Ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Perspective on Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Perspective on Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I make moral and ethical decisions based on knowledge I gained in an ethics course of unman nature: sentient beings are not means to an end but an end In and of themselves, to treat them as anything else is to treat them as something other than what they are. I think many things can be Judged ethically by the outcomes they (would) produce. These are the basis of how our social systems were founded. It Is the outcomes, or possible outcomes, that allow us to understand what Is ethical. That is how we decide whether to act. Putting ourselves in the situation we are encountering can allow us to understand our feelings about the matter. At which mint our feelings can guide us on the path of right and wrong. I Judge right and wrong by what I believe Is good and bad from previous life experiences; and all of It Is completely subjective. Dictionary. Com states that ethics Is that branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions. This is the way I think of ethics, as right and wrong, good and bad, as a personal system of beliefs. I feel that it Is simply being a DOD person, a humanitarian. I think, unless psychologically unstable, that people know what is right and wrong from the outcomes produced. I believe ethics is a moral code, which is to say that I feel everyone should help each other, to not harm one another. And to help ourselves by helping those around us. Although. I do make opinions about people based on my personal morals and ethics, I can also understand that I take my personal beliefs to a certain extreme and cannot expect people to adhere to them all. It is a pyramid of guidance, in which not being at the pop doesnt mean that a person Is not ethical. Therefore unless they are doing something unjust, I do not look down on people for not doing all the things that meet the type of person I strive to be. This is a hard question because I doubt I can every fully explain my perspective on ethics. So I will keep it simple, while unfortunately leaving too many gaps, My personal view of ethics Is to understand what Is moral, fair, and Just and to strive to be that person everyday even though It will unlikely ever be obtained. I feel like I should delete this and start over but I know.

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Countdown to Preschool

Countdown to Preschool Free Online Research Papers Before their first son, Sambhav turned two, our friend Anand his wife Shilpa started shopping for preschools. They asked around, looked and explored every option. The school they settled on seemed like dream. The building was fantastic, class small, teachers were warm and experienced. Moreover, the playground and activities looked like so much fun, Anand wanted to go there himself! Unfortunately, Sambhav did not. We all were surprised and astonished that a child like Sambhav, who was so playful, cheerful always, started all tantrums the day he was introduced to preschool. His mother came to me, tears in her eyes saying, â€Å"Amar, he is too young for all this†. She always felt guilty, anxious, was sad that he cries. Even I had seen tears in Anand’s eyes, guilt in his expressions whenever he picked Sambhav from Preschool. Will he hate me for putting him away? Are the teachers experienced to handle HIM? I know him; he will vomit out if he cries too much. Would he be comfortable there? I am unable to see his face ready to cry. I am not doing good to him. So many questions only one reply from the teachers. He will be comfortable, Give him some time to adjust. Really, it was a very hard time for Anand Shilpa as it took almost one month before Sambhav really settled in the preschool. What went wrong? What could they have done to avoid such a traumatic extreme emotional time for them? I was getting ready for my own son Ketan. We tend to learn a lot from our others experiences. The other one is always a better choice, specifically with parenting. I read a lot about preschools, getting ready for preschools, many books on preschool. Barbara willer, PhD, dy. Executive director of National Association for the education of young children in Washington D.C says, â€Å"For many children, going to preschool is their first big experience being away from home parents†. She explains even those kids who are very receptive and smiling have to adjust to a new place, new leader, new friends, new rules and a fear of Unknown. As the days for Ketan to go to preschool came nearer, I was getting myself ready for all tantrums. All those experiences of my friends helped me to prepare him for preschool. He went readily to play, enjoy, learn new things happily. Over a period, I understood the importance of Preschool. Perhaps understood the need ways of getting the child really feel good to go to preschool. Until a few year back, we used to say, â€Å" We mould his future†, but since our children started going in preschools now schools we say, â€Å"We help him mould his future.† However, we all would like you to say, â€Å"We help them mold their future†. You as a parent of a toddler too must be worried about his preschool days. You may worry about him missing you, staying safe, making friends, having fun, and getting along with the teachers. There is a lot you can do to make sure day one for preschool goes off without a hitch. Let us call it the COUNTDOWN FOR PRESCHOOL. The trick is to start preparing your child with a bit – bit of information giving him sufficient time for processing this information. We have observed a two-week preparation before the D-Day for preschool is sufficient. Let us know what we did -Two weeks before Talk about it. A brief but positive introduction is all that is usually necessary. Our communication will help them to get prepared for preschool. Do not give examples of kids who have been crying throwing tantrums. Brief him that he is growing up is getting old enough to go to the preschool. Let him remember the good time he had sometimes enjoyed with friends relatives. â€Å"You’ll get to play with other kids. You will have snacks teacher will read storybooks for you. You’ll enjoy†. Do not tell him how you or for that matter any one you know have been throwing tantrums for not going to preschool. Go for a preschool tour. Point out the preschool casually whenever you pass by or drive the way. Take the privilege of the visiting hours, most of the preschools offer just before the new school year begins. Children tend to have the fear of unknown as do most of the adults so by having a tour you can relieve a great deal of anxiety- both yours your child’s. The visiting hours allow one or more kids to come play at the preschool. We do provide a tour for per-school at our pre-school. They have friends when they come in on the first day. You may even bring camera take photos of all. -One week before Count the days. Your child does not understand what you mean by two days or two weeks. So explain him that when papa goes to office after Sunday holiday he would go to preschool. Starts marking a tick on the calendar till the D-Day. Adjust sleep schedules. If your child tends to stay awake late at night or wake up late in the morning, you should start adjusting his sleep times, so he will not be exhausted on the first few days of the preschool. Start making your child sleep 15 minutes early wake him up 15 minutes early. Start new routines. Another option with the children whose parents feel that they will have a Hard transition time is to find out the preschool snack time, lunch naps time. Therefore, you can mirror the school day at home. â€Å"Let us have our snack at 10:30 today, just as they do it in you new preschool† Or â€Å"its 12:00 and time to rest a while because it will be the rest time in your preschool. Learning the routine is important because children will always feel more secure comfortable when they know prior exactly what to expect. Serve the lunch in the similar Tiffin box she will be using at preschool. It will be easier for her to open up eat the sandwiches you gave. Specially talk about using potty. If your child is not trained yet, discuss what she will do if she gets wet. Buy something special with them. With our second child Tanvi we made it a point to go to the preschool see the dress, bag they prefer, water bottle convient for her. We purchased the items they informed to bring, way before the school opened the rush started last hour. We took both Ketan Tanvi along with us. Purchased the things required along with them a song note â€Å"School Chale Hum†. She was so excited about using her new backpack wearing her new shoes that she could not wait for the preschool to begin. The day before Take it easy. Keep the day before preschool as calm and relaxing as possible for you your child. Do not plan things too exciting or do not go for outing a day before, to tire your child out. Start with simple questions, â€Å" I think we’re al ready for preschool tomorrow. Can you think of anything we have forgotten?† Address her concern. If you child asks a question, please take it seriously. Avoid comments like, â€Å"Don’t be silly!† and â€Å"that’s ridiculous† Don’t make try to make him too relaxed by saying, â€Å"don’t worry, everything would be fine.† Surely its fine for you, not for him. Tell him the truth, saying â€Å"it can be hard for you to make friends immediately. But tomorrow you’ll meet lots of kids, and if you find one like you, we’ll call him to play with us at home.† Make a plan. Before your child goes to bed that day, be sure you take out the things he is going to wear, take along at preschool. Make some decisions together. What will she wear tomorrow? What she will eat at breakfast tomorrow? Who is going to drop pick her up? It is a good idea to lay all the things on the bed so that she sees can feel al that she has to wear take. Moreover, you too do not loose control over the situation by searching things on time. While packing, her things be sure you give her a group photograph of the family or a toy she loves most, to be taken to preschool. Let the child have something in her â€Å"psychological pocket† Before going to bed please say the last tip, â€Å" tomorrow you will wake up at 7:30. I will make you parathas or the thing you wish to have for breakfast. You will brush your teeth. You will put on new lovely clothes. You will take the lunch box. We will get on our Honda. And I will take you to preschool. Let her know what you will be doing when she is at preschool. â€Å"While you’re doing your work at preschool, Papa will be doing his work at office.† The D-Day a Big day Do not rush. Do not let your excitement percolate in the child. Be calm relaxed as possible. The best way is to keep your emotions as normal as possible. Do not shout at him if he drops milk cup, dribbles sauce on the dress, you should have a fallback plan ready. Dear friends, with children this young, its really important to do whatever you can to make this transition to preschool feel safe positive. With out a successful separation, its difficult to built Childs independence readiness to learn. On the way to preschool, surely a happy, gay rhythmic song helps the child to reduce her tension. I remember we always sang, â€Å"School chale hum, ho ho ho ho ho ho ho -.† Start a ritual of praying in a temple or just saying â€Å"Jai bajrangbali† on the way to preschool. It will help the transition from home to school. Stick around. Do not worry even if you do all the above and your child tries to cling to you. Not ready to get down and go in the preschool. Do not force him. Instead, let him play around. Be there for some time. Stick around. Be there. If necessary, ask for help. Teachers there have seen many kids from smile to frown and many tantrums. They have been trained to be calm patient. In fact, do not be disappointed by his crying. All kids are different and all take their own time to adjust. We need to communicate the right thing. Do not sneak out. If your child is happily engaged, you tempt to give a slip sneak away. Do not violate his trust. You must not leave him without saying goodbye. Instead go over and give a hug a kiss to say goodbye, tell her when you will, be back. Example: â€Å" After you have your snacks, a little nap, and teacher reads you a story, I will be waiting for you.† After you leave, do not worry. In fact, if you check with the teacher later on, you will probably discover that the tears disappeared as you go. Good teachers are always alert to make sure children say good-bye. Do not be late. Keep your word. Children need to feel confident from the beginning that they can count on you to come back, and to come when you said you would. Also, do not get too excited how your child will greet you. While some children will rush to their parents, some tend to avoid them. Their negative reactions do not necessarily mean they had a bad day. Ketan always used to talk, shout but now Tanvi just comes and hugs. Ok they have their own ways to say hello. All children have different tolerance levels, and many are physically and emotionally exhausted after a day at preschool. Therefore, they need a chance to blow off steam and cool down. Begin a ritual. We used to drink juice on the way back to home for one month. Spending 300 Rupees for a happy start to learning process is nothing. You can stop at a garden on the way. Move along the footpath, see a beautiful building, show your own school and do many things while driving back home. Helping your child end his preschool day on a calm, relaxing note will make it much easier for him to separate again. Believe me, CHILDHOOD IS NOT PREPARATION FOR LIFE, CHILDHOOD IS LIFE Lets help them live it better. Research Papers on Countdown to PreschoolStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Spring and AutumnThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Research Paper Example The youth will opt to join this rebel groups and get a source of income no matter how low instead of having nothing. This leads to the growth of rebel groups that cause chaos and fight against the government’s regime causing political instability. Higher rates of youth unemployment lead to higher chances of rebel groups forming and rising against the government. Poverty has been noted to breed violent character. Unemployed youth will often find themselves in a state of poverty. This will force them to do anything to gain access to the resources they require such food, shelter, clothing, and money. Areas that portray high rate of youth unemployment also show an increase in crime. Unemployed youth will turn to robbery and looting to get what they do not have. This causes insecurity and unrest among the public and people will protest against the environment due to the insecurity. This can lead to political instability because people have lost faith in their governmentii. Unemployed youth look up to the government to create job opportunities for them. If the government fails to do this, the youth revolt and protest against the government for not being able to take care of the youths needs. This will lead to a need of overthrowing the government and putting into power people who will most likely look after the needs of the people. Many coups in history have taken place due to the people losing faith in their government. This leads to unrest and political instability. The labor market is directly related to youth unemploymentiii. If the labor market cannot absorb the sudden ‘youth bulge’, frustrations occur among the youth causing demonstrations and riots against the government. This will lead to disruption of economic activities and affect a country’s economical development. Employed people will also be affected and the whole country will generally move

Introduction to mass communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Introduction to mass communication - Essay Example When it comes to newspapers and magazines, there is a dire need to comprehend how these mass communication facets would take care of the society’s portrayal and the people living within it. Their day to day undertakings and tasks would be covered by the mass communication agendas, hence playing a direct role within their life regimes. Mass communication is an important tool within any society as its significance is seen in different contexts time and again. The people who run the different mass communication outlets have a very pertinent responsibility as these look to defy the opposition which is raised in the wake of achieving success. The newspaper and magazine regimes have long realized that mass communication is happening for the benefit of all concerned and that the stakeholders of the newspapers and magazines have to be told nothing but the truth. There is a sense of belonging as far as societal responsibilities are concerned. This is of paramount essence because mass communication does take the major share of the audience’s attention, on most of the occasions. The people’s attitudes, knowledge levels and perception regimes change as and when the newspapers and magazines amend their respective agendas. It goes to show without any doubt that mass communication has a very important effect on th e lives of the people who read newspapers and magazines, and even the ones who are not directly affected by the same (Perry 1996). Anything that is printed within these media vehicles gets noticeable coverage and hence the lives of the people are changed either in a positive or a negative way. The change is indeed imminent as is the case worldwide, with regards to newspapers and magazines. It goes to show without saying that the top heads within these newspapers and magazines have a huge responsibility resting on their shoulders, and hence they must make positive impact on the minds of the readers, and indeed the

Social and Psychological Differences in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example for Free

Social and Psychological Differences in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay In the play Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, the central theme of the play are the social and psychological differences between the men and the women. The male characters has a chauvinistic attitude towards women, while the women are more understanding and perceptive than the men in terms of trying to solve the crime. It is because of the mens attitudes that led them to fail in seeing the truth of Mr. Wrights murder. Their attitudes were blatantly apparent while they were assessing the crime scene at the Wright House. Rather than being objective investigators, their negative views towards women and their discriminatory nature of the opposite sex caused them to overlook the situation and automatically branded Mrs. Wright as the killer with no regard for her emotions or state of mind at the time of the murder. The men were more concerned with criticizing Mrs. Wrights lack of proper homemaking skills than trying to find the reason behind the murder of Mr. Wright. In line 157, while looking for evidence, the county attorney complains after washing his hands, Dirty towels! Not much of a housekeeper, would you say, ladies?, while kicking the pans under the sink. His irritation showed his negative attitude because the house was not kept in proper standards by Mrs. Wright. His actions alluded to his beliefs that since women stayed home as house wives, while holding no proper jobs in the world, they should at least keep the house up to par. He defends his opinions to the ladies in line 163 saying that I know that there are some Dickson County farmhouses that do not have such roller towels. When Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters quickly defended Mrs. Wright, his reaction was, Ah, loyal to your sex , I see. His demeaning undertone revealed his lack of respect for womens societal roles and believes that wom en are inferior to men. The women on the other hand, were more perceptive and sympathetic to Mrs. Wrights situation. From the beginning, they were the ones that noticed the little things. The effort that Mrs. Wright had to caring for her house even though it was not perfect was not overlooked by the women. They were more sympathetic than the men because they themselves knew the flight it took to run a household, to which the men disregarded. The women were the ones that asked questions. They knew Mrs. Wright before she had married the cold and quiet Mr. Wright. They recalled that Minnie was a lively person and was always singing but later became recluse and closed off from the neighbors after marrying Mr. Wright. They pondered whether or not she had a happy and stable marriage, going through many reasons as to what could have led her to commit such a crime. While the men were busy investigating upstairs, it was the women who found the bird cage as well as the dead bird in the sewing box. They compared Mrs. Wright to the bird in line 449. She come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and fluttery. How-she-did-change. The women based their findings on facts and evidence as opposed to the indifferent attitude of the men. Though the women sympathized with Mrs. Wrights situation, they believed that killing Mr. Wright was still wrong, however, their sympathy and understanding for Mrs. Wright led them to conceal the bird as evidence from the sheriff and the county attorney. The play clearly showed a divide in opposing ideas and attitudes between both sexes. The men were more harsh, critical, rough and self centered where as the women were more intuitive, cautious and sensitive to the situation. Their differences led to them having contrasting opinions on the facts. The mens judgments on women did not allow them to accurately and objectively assess the case where as the women we able to see things that the men overlook. However, though the men were not able to gather more evidence for the case, the women were the ones who found possibly the most important finding, which was the broken bird cage as well as the dead bird. Even after finding the bird, the women decided to commit a crime themselves by hiding the bird from the sheriff. Even though the women were more sympathetic they were still wrong for hiding the evidence. Thus alluding to the fact that the womens emotional nature disabled them the same way as the mens judgmental attitude.

I Am Legend | An analysis

I Am Legend | An analysis When you are the last of the species reaching out for help, looking for someone that does not live a nocturnal existence, you need to have faith in God. The novel version of I Am Legend is better then the motion picture because the information slowly leaks out about Nevilles past, present, and specifics about the vampires. Robert Neville is a scientist who is unable to stop the spread of the horrifying virus that is fatal, incurable, and man-made. For three years, Robert has sent out daily radio messages, desperate to find any other survivor who might be out there. Robert obtains books and other research materials to discover the cure of the disease which is a strain of bacteria capable of infecting both deceased and living hosts. The virus has mutated everyone except one survivor which is Robert Neville. Robert is confused about his faith in God due to the situations he had to face. The characters usually depend on one another because it defines their true character in the end. Robert is trying to find the specifics about the vampires, so he can find a cure A virus can be spread really fast from one person to another. Robert Neville might be the only survivor of an incurable plague that has mutated everyone into bloodthirsty creatures who are determined to destroy him. There is always a solution to a conflict in which Robert believes he can find a resolution. Robert is trying to find a cure for the virus that has infected everyone in the world. The novel describes the situation that Robert is facing is very risky and in the motion picture it seems as if his everyday life is not too bad. His everyday target is to be back home before sunset. Usually there are a lot of difficulties that people face to find an explanation to a problem. Robert came up with a plan to capture a vampire because he wants to try different experiments to find the cure. Generally to accomplish a goal there is always some problem that interferes but never give up too fast. Robert accomp lished to trap an infected woman but the other vampires watched his every step and played the same trick on him. The novel didnt have much detail on how Robert trapped the vampire but the motion picture demonstrates the pain and the risk he had to go through. Robert put his life in danger, knowing the consequences. Putting in all the effort and not giving up is the first step to success. Robert was doing an experiment on the infected women and it slowly began to show good results. Working to the best of someones ability always receives an award at the end. The therapy Robert gave to the woman who is infected by the virus, slowly started to work. The motion picture has a very intense situation because Robert wants to help all the other vampires who have been infected but none of them are ready to listen to him. The novel shows Robert as the only survivor left of his own race. Robert didnt give up and took every step very carefully, which helped him achieve his goal. People believe in God but the terrible situations that they face are because of their own mistakes. Robert thinks the problem that he is going through is because of people being lazy and not taking a serious action right away. Most people believe that people impose disasters on themselves. Robert believes in God and also believes that the circumstances every one is going through is because of their blunder. The novel doesnt clearly state about Robert believing in God but in the movie it displays an clear image of Robert believing in God. Depending on someone too much is not good because when he/she lets the person down, it really hurts. Neville is depending on Ruth because she can help him out of jail. Sometimes people face problems that they shouldnt be punished for and dealing with it patiently is the best way. After a few years of loneliness and fear in a civilization devoid of civilized people, Robert struggled with his beliefs. Robert slowly started to loose his faith because fo r three years he has been trying his best to find a cure but its doing him no good. In the novel Robert is in prison and the only person who can get him out is Ruth. Usually people just accept their faith and try to live it happily. Robert accepts his faith and tearfully asks Ruth not to let this society get too ruthless. It is hard to count on someone who has let you down or tests a persons patience more than they should. A woman named Anna saves Robert from an accident and claims God guided her to find him just in time. In the movie it shows that it is hard for Robert to forget all the nasty problems that he had to face all by himself and in the novel he just accepts his faith because whatever he tried was no good. At first many people think God doesnt resist but the problems that people deal with, slowly realize that he is always there for everyone. To find out more about a character there is always more than one person in a novel or a movie. Not knowing anyone can make a persons life miserable. Robert is trying to find a cure without anyones help and he believes he will accomplish in his task. Listening to someone who a person does not know too much about can sometimes be very dangerous. Roberts neighbor Ben Cortman is always yelling Roberts name during the evening, trying to convince him to come out just so he can harm him. The movie shows Robert in a high degree of loneliness because everyone around him is trying to destroy him but in the novel Robert has his wife and daughter with him with some time and then he is all by himself trying to find a cure for the virus. When a person is stuck in a situation that no one can help him/her out with, the best thing to do is have faith in God. Robert is in jail and the only person who can help him out is Ruth. When a person is saved from a big problem, he/ she has done good deeds. Robe rt had a huge accident but Anna saved his life due to the radio messages Robert sent out. The novel and movie both show that when Robert needed the most help, someone is there for him because he has a good intention and he has waited patiently to find a cure to the virus. There is always more then one character in a story because thats the only way to find out more about the character itself. Overall I think the novel is better than the movie because the author slowly leaks out the information. Robert Neville found out the cure all by himself and had to deal with very difficult problem, he is the only survivor. Robert sent out radio messages for three years desperate to find another survivor but he lost his faith in God because he patiently waited for a few years and whatever step he took would end up being difficult and bad for him. It is hard to know about a character who does not depend on one another. Therefore Robert is a legend because he found the cure to the virus and all the problems he went through, he didnt give up. To achieve something in life keep trying and never give up because at the end it is always worth it.

McEthics in Europe and Asia

McEthics in Europe and Asia: should McDonald's extend its response to ethical criticism in Europe? Introduction The â€Å"McEthics† case describes how Mc Donald's, the fast food industrys market leader, faces charges concerning growing health problems in Europe and Asia. 1) Set out the main criticisms that have been leveled at Mc Donald's in Europe. To what extent are these criticisms likely to be replicated in Asia? What differences can be predicted? There are four main areas of critique that have been leveled at Mc Donald's in Europe.First, the products are said to be fat and unhealthy, which fosters health problems, especially obesity and diabetes. Secondly, the labor conditions are heavily criticized. Mc Donald's has been accused of paying too little wages and being ‘strongly antipathetic' to unions. Harsh criticism also arose concerning the companies advertising. These accusations are based on the belief that Mc Donald's ‘exploits children' and uses false adve rtisement of its food as nutritious'. The last point of criticism is the firms ‘culpable responsibility for animal cruelty.Additionally, in France a whole wave of an anti-American sentiment aggravates the negative image of Mc Donald's. In Asia the main point of criticism that is replicated is health issues. The fat foods and emerging fast food culture is especially dangerous to children's health. In Europe traditions of protests and rebellions may help people change and the treedom ot speech. Moreover, governments nave a great interest in a healthy population because offering an expensive welfare and health care system.From our point of view these factors have led to a strong resistance against Mc Donald's which would never emerge in Asia in such an extent. ) Describe and evaluate the tactics used by McDonald's in responding to their critics in Europe? Will these work to the same degree in Asia? According to the case, Mc Donald's quickly reacted to criticism in Europe and star ted various campaigns in order to improve its image. For instance, they developed a healthier menu, introducing salads and fruit packages or launched sport initiatives and awareness campaigns.By contrast, in Asia Mc Donald's is reacting very slowly, not answering to the peoples concern. One possible explanation for Mc Donald's actions in Europe could be that European governments started taxing the fast food industry. In the meantime, Asian governments seem to show now interest in such measures. This observation is also a strong indicator that Mc Donald's campaigns in Europe are not truly altruistic. It rather seems that Mc Donald's is merely after profit and stakeholders satisfaction rather than providing healthy food. ) Should Mc Donald's offer healthy alternatives to the same extent in all the countries in which it operates, or Just those where it has been criticized in the past, or is it expecting further regulation? What if customers overseas do not want healthy options? Mc Dona ld's should offer healthy alternatives in every country as ong as customers accept and buy them. If customers do not want healthy options, Mc Donald's should offer other alternatives such like sport programs or simple information packages. Scientific research clearly proofs that fast food, consumed on a regular basis, is extremely unhealthy.Mc Donald's could be said to have an ethical responsibility to educate its customers about fast food and healthy alternatives. 4) How could Mc Donald's seek to avoid further criticism in the future? Can the company realistically present itself as an ethical corporation? Only if Mc Donald's operated as truly altruistic company, benefitting the community, could they avoid further criticism. As of now, Mc Donald's is only known to be vastly successful in the economic perspective of the triple bottom line. Mc Donald's is also committed to social and environmental perspectives.The Ronald McDonald House Charities for example provide healthcare etc. to children in need. Furthermore Mc Donald's 2009 Corporate Responsibility Report clearly states how Mc Donald's tackles the environmental issues and provides examples of Mc Donald's sustainable supply chain. However this is not what comes to mind when we think about this fast food chain. The solution to Mc Donald's problem is already in place. The catch is however that no one knows about the corporations' environmental and social efforts.Through proper marketing strategies Mc Donald's could earn a much better reputation with very little effort. 5) How sustainable is the fast food industry from the point of the triple bottom line? The triple bottom line combines the three factors of environmental, economic and social sustainability. The economic sustainability in the fast food sector has been proven in the past by Mc Donald's balance sheets. Concerning the environmental angle, one can argue that there is room for mprovement. For instance in Austria Mc Donald's is starting to use local products and has sorted rubbish for several years.There are programs in place to aid Farmers become more sustainable, bringing Mc Donald's supply chain to a high standard of environmental responsibili Concerning social sustainability, the tast t industry is lacking vision. They are providing healthcare to people in need but why not tackle the cause of these children's health problems? If the fast food industry could find a successful shift to truly healthy fast food, social sustainability could prove to be a contributing factor to the fast food industries profits.

Of Mice and Men Qu Essay

Do you agree that Lennie is always incapable of taking responsibility for his actions? You should refer closely to Lennie’s words, to events and to the actions and opinions of other characters in your answer. Throughout the majority of the novel, Steinbeck demonstrates how Lennie relies on George to help him out of the dire, tense situations he brings upon himself. Steinbeck conveys this image of Lennie by producing this by frequent reoccurring events, Lennie’s actions or even implicit use of speech from or even directed at Lennie. At the opening section of the book, Steinbeck chooses to show us the large contrast between George and Lennie; he describes how Lennie â€Å"flung himself down† â€Å"snorting into the water like a horse.† The use of crude descriptive words such as â€Å"flung† or â€Å"snorting† suggests just how careless Lennie can be. This compares Lenny to an animal which instinctively lashes at the sight of something they want without thinking logically at all. And with this, the readers taste the first time at which how reliant Lennie is of George. Steinbeck chooses to have George say that Lennie will â€Å"be sick like you was last night.† By mentioning â€Å"last night†, the reader learns that Lennie must regularly make stupid mistakes like this. It is made very apparent how Lennie is unable to take responsibility for his actions when he crushes Curley’s hand. Lennie was unable to understand the situation when Curley made a misunderstanding about Slim and his wife and Lennie continued â€Å"smiling with delight† on a completely different topic. This produces a juxtaposition image in the reader’s mind where at one side: Curley is steaming hot with anger as he â€Å"whirled† upon Carlson (the word â€Å"whirled† also suggests how he only gave Slim respect opposed to Carlson who he flipped into his old aggressive self again) and on the other, Lennie is grinning to himself like an idiot. The fact that Steinbeck chooses to have Lennie fantasize whilst a loud commotion is going on nearby shows just how little awareness and sense Lennie has altogether. And this is what leads into the fight. When Lennie is being attacked, he has no intuition to make a decision on what to do so once again he â€Å"looked helplessly at George.† The word helplessly really emphasises just how incapable Lennie is like a baby animal or lamb for instance when he gets himself into trouble like this. He â€Å"bleated with terror† implying that even with the strength Lennie possesses, he is unable to analyse the situation to take responsibility of the problem he has gotten himself into. The words â€Å"bleated† and â€Å"terror† really create an atmosphere as if Lennie like a baby lamb has been corned by a wolf. This is done by using the onomatopoeia â€Å"bleat† so you can almost here how distressed and vulnerable Lennie is at this stage. All he can do is use his animal like instincts and â€Å"retreat† and defend with his â€Å"huge paws†. The reference to â€Å"paws† may also hint to us what is about to come however it may have several connotations; a bear is a shy beast and doesn’t want attention, however if a situation of danger arises, it can be extremely vicious and protective just like Lennie becomes when George tells him to â€Å"get him.† On the other hand, â€Å"paws† may refer to another weaker animal such as the â€Å"paws† of a puppy that Lennie was so infatuated about. This can symbolize how weak and inexperienced Lennie is since he is also new to this aggression he is receiving likewise to a new born pup is to the world. At this stage, Slim sees how vulnerable and useless he is and â€Å"jumped up† to help. The impact the moment is causing on the other workers watching is shown to be so big that the respected Slim is even shaken conveyed by â€Å"jumped up.† It shows how emotions inside Slim were building up until they finally â€Å"jumped† out of him in an explosion. Steinbeck does this to show how useless Lennie can be in these situations so that even people around him who have known him for a few hours understand how dependent he is. However, Lennie with George’s guidance was able to do something however his actions shows the reader once again just how unintentionally irresponsible he can be. At first the description of Lennie’s attack is just that Curley’s â€Å"fist was lost in Lennie’s big hand†. It isn’t very dramatic at this point and just seems like Lennie stops Curley from attacking him. For example, it could of been described using dramatic words such as: Curley’s hand was absolutely crushed causing him to scream with agony however it uses the word â€Å"disappear† to relieve all the tension that may of built up; this may be done to cause a greater impact later on. The speech that follows explains how the situation was worsening. George tells Lennie to â€Å"leggo of him† but all Lennie could do was watch â€Å"in terror† which shows how shaken up he is so that he can’t even respond. Even with George who â€Å"slapped him in the face again and again†, Lennie was still unresponsive. By slapping him George hoped to achieve a respond which would normally happen to anyone however it shows that Lennie was undergoing a mental difficulty insde. The way Steinbeck describes George having to give multiple signals â€Å"again and again† like slapping or verbal commands show how incapable Lennie was. When Lennie finally finishes he doesn’t seem to even understand what he’s done. He doesn’t even look at the â€Å"shrunken† Curley and immediately talks to George â€Å"miserably†. At this point Slim had â€Å"regarded Lennie with horror† showing how his opinion of him being a â€Å"nice fella† had turned so very quickly. By having Slim- a very high respected figure looking at Lennie with this â€Å"horror†, Steinbeck causes the readers to truly understand how dangerous and uncontrollable he is. Lennie’s only concern here was probably mainly whether or not he could tend to the rabbits so he was apologizing to George. He even asks George at the end of the section whether he can â€Å"still tend the rabbits† which once again shows us how unaware of the situation he really is and this requires George to look into their greater concern- whether they will â€Å"get canned now†. This shows that even though Lennie is not prioritized correctly, George once again desperately tries to fix the damage that’s been done which suggests how many times this may of happened in the past. Steinbeck just repeatedly reinforces the strong idea of what Lennie is like and how George has to bail him out time and time again. It states how â€Å"Slim smiled wryly† and instantly the world â€Å"wryly† shows how Slim is going to take responsibility and deal with Curley in a slightly devious, corrupt method so that George and Lennie won’t get sacked. After Lennie killed the puppy in section 5, his initial fears was once again the rabbits. And after he causes the death of Curley’s wife, his fears remained the same. At that point, â€Å"he pawed up the hay until it partly covered her† and left for the place where George told him to go if anything wrong happened. The fact that Lennie crudely leaves the body openly â€Å"partly† hidden in the barn shows how little concern he has for the bigger picture. The way Lennie only â€Å"partly† hides the corpse shows what little concern he has almost to the extent where it becomes ridiculous as all he can think of is go to the rendezvous part and have George help him yet again. Up until the beginning of section 6, Lennie has acted irresponsibly and ironically, he begins to think accordingly to the situation only when it is too late. Opposed to how he â€Å"flung† himself around in section 1, Lennie went through the bushes to the meeting place â€Å"as silently as a creeping bear moves†. He also â€Å"drank, barely touching his lips to the water† opposed to how he was â€Å"snorting† it like a horse. Steinbeck uses the same location to create a strong contrast between the juxtaposition used here. As he crept â€Å"silently† and drank â€Å"barely† touching the water, these two words emphasise how carefully he is acting. Steinbeck deliberately does this to emphasise how late it is for him to be responsible and coordinated. And even so, it is George once again who has to take the real responsibility to shoot him.

Oreopithecus - Facts and Figures

Oreopithecus - Facts and Figures Name: Oreopithecus (Greek for mountain ape); pronounced ORE-ee-oh-pith-ECK-us Habitat: Islands of southern Europe Historical Epoch: Late Miocene (10-5 million years ago) Size and Weight: About four feet tall and 50-75 pounds Diet: Plants, nuts and fruit Distinguishing Characteristics: Longer arms than legs; monkey-like feet About Oreopithecus Most of the prehistoric primates that preceded modern humans led lives that were nasty, brutish and short, but this doesnt appear to have been the case with Oreopithecusbecause this chimpanzee-like mammal had the good fortune to live on isolated islands off the Italian coast, where it was relatively free from predation. A good clue to the comparatively trouble-free existence of Oreopithecus is that paleontologists have unearthed about 50 complete skeletons, making this one of the best understood of all ancient apes. As so often happens with animals restricted to island habitats, Oreopithecus possessed a strange mix of features, including strong, gripping, monkey-like feet, an ape-like head with teeth reminiscent of the earliest humans, and (last but not least) longer arms than legs, a clue that this primate spent much of its time swinging from branch to branch. (Theres also some tantalizing evidence that Oreopithecus may have been able to walk upright for short periods of time, which has thrown a wrench into the usual timelines for hominid evolution.) Oreopithecus met its doom when plunging sea levels connected its islands with the mainland, whence its ecosystem was invaded by the mammalian megafauna of continental Europe. By the way, the name Oreopithecus has nothing to do with the famous cookie; oreo is the Greek root for mountain or hill, though this hasnt prevented some paleontologists from affectionately referencing Oreopithecus as the cookie monster.

The 25 Best US Colleges for International Students

The 25 Best US Colleges for International Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Each year, nearly one million international students enroll in US undergraduate and graduate programs. There are so many colleges and universities in the US, though, that it can be tough to know where to start, especially if you’re applying from out of the country. In this post, I’ll lay out some of the best universities for international students. Whether you’re looking for generous financial aid, large international populations, or special international programs, we’ve got you covered. Finally, I’ll lay out the five most important steps you need to take if you want to go to school in the US, straight from the State Department. Let’s get started! What Makes a School Good for International Students? Applying to college is stressful for students all over the world. If you're looking to attend an international school, particularly one that's located in the US, there are a few additional, unique obstacles to worry about: Funding your education. US schools are notoriously expensive, and international students aren't eligible for many forms of American financial aid. Finding an environment of your peers. Although some students may not be concerned with finding a group of international peers at a US school, many may feel more comfortable with a student body composed of a healthy mix of domestic and international students. You may also find more resources, student groups, and activities geared towards students from outside the US at these schools. Achieving comfort and success in a very new environment. As an international student, you may be looking for specialized social, academic, professional, and language support. Moving to a new country is stressful- it's a good idea to think about what support systems would help you transition. Although international students may have other concerns when applying to US schools, I think the above points are the most universal. The rest of this post will list the types of schools that address these problems, i.e. the best colleges for international students. I'll list the schools that give generous financial aid to foreign nationals, boast large percentages of international students, and offer special support to non-US citizens. Your own priorities will dictate which type of school might serve you best. Let's get to the good stuff- which schools should you actually start checking out? Cheapest Colleges for International Students International students aren’t eligible for federal financial aid, a big source of funding for students here in the US. Unless a school’s total Cost of Attendance isn’t an issue for you, you may want to consider institutions that allocate large amounts of their own financial aid money to international students. A school’s generosity may help cover the deficit left by a lack of access to federal aid. A little background information before we get started: attending college in the US is expensive. In fact, the US one of the most expensive places in the world to get a college education. And just because a school offers financial aid doesn't mean you won't end up paying quite a bit in the long run- it's common for students in the US to be saddled with significant student loan debt. If cost is a concern for you, the following list of cheapest colleges for international students should be a great place to start your school search. They all awarded financial aid to at least 50 students from abroad for the 2017-2018 school year. If you're worried about spending a lot of cash on your degree, you will want to look for schools that try to attract international students with financial incentives. A final disclaimer: the schools below are all pretty high-ranked institutions. Schools like this tend to have larger endowments and more money to give to students via financial aid. You’d have to be a very competitive applicant to gain admission to many of these schools (perhaps even more competitive than a similar domestic applicant). Click the name of the school to get more information about admissions statistics. Source: US News World Report Columbia University, New York, NY Number of international students who received aid: 257 Average aid amount awarded: $66,350 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Number of international students who received aid: 594 Average aid amount awarded: $64,459 Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY Number of international students who received aid: 83 Average aid amount awarded: $63,855 Williams College, Williamstown, MA Number of international students who received aid: 92 Average aid amount awarded: $62,873 Trinity College, Hartford, CT Number of international students who received aid: 170 Average aid amount awarded: $62,241 Amherst College, Amherst, MA Number of international students who received aid: 147 Average aid amount awarded: $62,022 Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT Number of international students who received aid: 98 Average aid amount awarded: $61,549 Duke University, Durham, NC Number of international students who received aid: 207 Average aid amount awarded: $61,497 Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA Number of international students who received aid: 90 Average aid amount awarded: $61,052 Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY Number of international students who received aid: 77 Average aid amount awarded: $61,052 Colleges With the Largest International Student Presence If you’re applying to schools in the US, financial aid is likely not your only concern. You might also be wondering which colleges and universities have large international populations. Large numbers of international students at a particular school indicate a more diverse student body. If this criterion is important to you, you’ll definitely want to check out the following list of schools. Keep in mind that this list is based on the percentage of international students, and not necessarily raw numbers of international students - many large, metropolitan schools attract a significant number of students from outside the US. You might notice that there’s no overlap between the following schools and schools that provide the most financial aid to international students. If you’re interested primarily in schools with a large international student presence, keep in mind they may be significantly more expensive than the institutions listed above. You'll find more international clubs, activities, and social networks at schools that tend to attract high percentages of students from other countries. The following institutions- all national universities- reported the largest percentages of international students for 2017-2018. Source: US News World Report Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL Percentage of international students: 32% Total undergraduate enrollment: 3,635 New School, New York, NY Percentage of international students: 32% Total undergraduate enrollment: 7,203 University of Rochester, Rochester, NY Percentage of international students: 24% Total undergraduate enrollment: 6,546 Boston University, Boston, MA Percentage of international students: 22% Total undergraduate enrollment: 18,080 Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Percentage of international students: 22% Total undergraduate enrollment: 6,896 Suffolk University, Boston, MA Percentage of international students: 22% Total undergraduate enrollment: 5,117 Brandeis University, Waltham, MA Percentage of international students: 21% Total undergraduate enrollment: 3,635 Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL Percentage of international students: 21% Total undergraduate enrollment: 2,900 University of California- San Diego, La Jolla, CA Percentage of international students: 20% Total undergraduate enrollment: 28,587 New York University, New York, NY Percentage of international students: 19% Total undergraduate enrollment: 26,417 Colleges With Special Services for International Students Some of the best colleges for international students offer specialized programs that make studying in the US a bit easier for foreign nationals. The following list is by no means exhaustive, but it’ll give you a place to start if you're looking for schools that offer unique, helpful services to international students. Some of these schools have dedicated centers for international students. They provide assistance in a variety of areas, including ESL instruction and student visa guidance. Other schools foster an easier transition for international students with mentorship programs or regular faculty check-ins. You may even find specialty scholarship programs meant for students coming from other countries. Many other schools offer resources to students both domestic and international, but the following programs are particularly notable for students coming from abroad. If you think you may need one special program in particular- ESL assistance, for example- I'd encourage you to contact the admissions office at any school of interest for more information. A little bit of help from a friend, peer, or professional can make all the difference. University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ U of A hosts the Center for English as a Second Language, which helps students adjust to using English in professional and academic spaces. For more general assistance, students can go to the school's dedicated International Services Center. Finally, U of A offers an international student scholarship program. Students can receive between $4,000 and $35,000 per year. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Roughly 8,000 international students attend Purdue each year. The school publishes a quarterly newsletter for international students. Additionally, Purdue fosters an International Friendship Program where domestic students serve as mentors to ease any difficulty in transitioning to a US school. Clemson University, Clemson, SC About 1,500 international students enroll at Clemson each year. The school requires regular meetings between international students and staff to make sure students are happy and successful. University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI About 4,000 students from 130 different countries attend the University of Wisconsin. The school hosts a couple of notable programs. First, the BRIDGE (Building Relationships in Diverse Global Environments) program connects international students with US students during their first year in the US. Second, the Assembly of International Students connects the many international groups on campus to promote cultural awareness and understanding within the student body. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Temple offers some alternative options to students who may not be ready for a fully English-immersive experience in the US. Their Intensive English Language Program is an educational program that preps students to enroll at a US school or to get a job that requires English proficiency. It is NOT a BA program, but a pre-program of sorts to prepare students for further study. Temple also offers "provisional/conditional admission" to competitive applicants who score below admissions threshold on the TOEFL. What Do You Have to Do to Attend a US School? As an international student, you’ll have to take a few extra steps if you plan on studying in the US. You’ll want to do your own research on any further steps or restrictions for students coming from your particular country, but I’ll give you a basic rundown here, so you know where to start, and you can check out our complete guide to the process for more details. There are more steps to take for international students to attend a US school, but not to worry- they're all laid out below. According to the US State Department, here are the five steps you need to take to study in the US: Step 1: Research Your Options If you’re reading this page, you’ve already begun this step! You’ll want to start this process 12-18 months before the start of the academic year you hope to start studying in the US. It’s especially important to gather information about application criteria and deadlines. If you need some extra help getting started, you should check out our guide on how to research colleges. Step 2: Finance Your Studies Again, you’ve already started gathering info on financing your studies if you’ve checked out the schools at the top of the page. Like I mentioned, schools can be pretty expensive in the US, so you’ll want to have a plan in place for funding your education. Read more about the different types of financial aid and the schools with the most generous aid policies. Step 3: Complete Your College Applications Each college app is unique, although there’s generally a lot of overlap. It’s important to start these applications well before the deadlines (which are often December-January). You might want to read more about the typical college application timeline. As an international applicant, you'll want to be especially careful about arranging for the SAT, ACT, and/or TOEFL. You may not have to submit your TOEFL scores to some colleges if you meet a certain score threshold on SAT/ACT sections. Read more about SAT and ACT prep for ESL and bilingual students to help plan for these important parts of US college applications. Step 4: Apply for Your Student Visa It’s important to allocate plenty of time to complete and submit your visa application, in case any complications come up. Visit the State Department’s website for more information on applying for your visa. Step 5: Prepare for Your Departure This is where you square everything away and make sure all your travel arrangements and documents are ready to go and in compliance. Your new school may also have information available for things like student health insurance, climate, local transportation options, and housing. What's Next? Motivated to start working on your college applications? Great! But before you do, you should definitely figure out which standardized test- the SAT or the ACT- is better for you (did you know that it doesn't usually help to take both)? You might need to do ACT/SAT prep a little differently than the typical US student. For an introduction, read our complete guide to the ACT SAT for international students. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

An Epidemic of Food Poisoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An Epidemic of Food Poisoning - Essay Example The etiological agents for this epidemic of food poisoning is bacteria (Emedicine, 2008). Bacterial food poisoning agents such as salmonellae, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus and vibrio cholerae are all possible etiological causes for this instance of food poisoning (Emedicine, 2008). Other agents such as E. coli and shigella are precluded because the symptoms enlisted in the case study do not corroborate with those that are manifest by victims of these latter food poisoning agents (Emedicine, 2008). The E . coli/shigella combine produce symptoms that are hemorrhagic in nature, symptoms that are absent from those listed in the case study. Among all these bacterial agents one viral agent can be included - Norwalk virus. The symptoms manifested by victims of norwalk virus poisoning corroborate exactly with those manifested by the victims of the case study epidemic (Emedicine, 2008). It was definitely food infection as enlisted bacterial or viral agents are harmful only when a substantial number enters the host's, usually humans and primates, body and multiplies and starts secreting toxins that adversely affect the host physiology. In contrast, toxification of food is usually a phenomenon that is caused by toxin producing agents like some varieties of mushrooms (Emedicine, 2008). ... Answer 2: It was definitely food infection as enlisted bacterial or viral agents are harmful only when a substantial number enters the host's, usually humans and primates, body and multiplies and starts secreting toxins that adversely affect the host physiology. In contrast, toxification of food is usually a phenomenon that is caused by toxin producing agents like some varieties of mushrooms (Emedicine, 2008). Toxins in food like large game fish can also be induced by such fish feeding on dinoflagellates like algae (Arnold, 2007). This is a source of ciguatera poisoning (Arnold, 2007). Another common source of food poisoning through toxicity in fish is scromboid poisoning associated with dark meat fish such as tuna, albacore and mackerel (Patrick, 2007). These are precluded in favor of food-borne infection by bacterial or viral agents because of lack of appropriate symptoms and duration of such symptoms. Question 3: How did the food get contaminated and which item was contaminated Answer 3: Careful study of the data attached with the case study reveals some facts. The data is of the symptoms evidenced in each person who attended the dinner at Port Allen, Louisiana, and the particular items of food each consumed there. The data also includes the particular hour and day on which the symptoms started developing and their duration. When the data set was scanned with an elimination method in which each item was scanned against persons who had eaten it and had developed the telltale symptoms - diarrhea, cramps, weakness, nausea, chills, headache, fever and vomiting - there was no clear indication that any one food item was responsible for the infection outbreak. This is quite in corroboration with what the initial laboratory analysis had revealed - that most of

Tata Consultancy Services Limited Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tata Consultancy Services Limited - Assignment Example Tata Consultancy Services Limited The Tata code of conduct says that any employee of Tata should not engage himself/herself in any relationship, business or any such activity that might cause conflict of interest in the company or in Tata group. A situation of conflict of interest can arise directly or indirectly if an employee of the company engages in relationship, activity or business with a party who is transacting with Tata Company or if an employee is taking undue advantage of his position by influences decisions in the company or an independent decision or judgement that cannot best for the group or the company. Interaction of TCS with Financial Market Equity share capital of TCS is traded on BSE and NSE. The company has 1957220996 equity shares with value of 195.72crores traded in the exchange. The company publishes its annual report every year which helps the public and financial market participants to know about the company’s financial and profitability position. It also publishes any news regarding the company’s business operation or any legal changes in the company. The CSR program of TCS includes education, environment and health around the world. It has developed many innovative solutions to solve various societal problems by utilizing their IT competencies. It also provides support for natural disaster relief as their corporate social responsibility. It also engages itself in various community development programs organized by its clients. In 2011-12 year it had engaged itself 58362 hours for corporate social responsibilities and provides help to 5790604 beneficiaries. ... How does TCS view its social obligations and manage its image in society The CSR program of TCS includes education, environment and health around the world. It has developed many innovative solutions to solve various societal problems by utilizing their IT competencies. It also provides support for natural disaster relief as their corporate social responsibility. It also engages itself in various community development programs organized by its clients. In 2011-12 year it had engaged itself 58362 hours for corporate social responsibilities and provides help to 5790604 beneficiaries. The participants of TCS Summit 2013 attended for build a bike for local charity. They participated in the race to build the ultimate bicycle which is human powered and needs no gasoline in Hilton. It was done to help those who are in need of it. Risk Analysis Risk profile of TCS and the amount of overall risk The company operates in large size global market with comparatively low level of penetration gives it significant room for growth in future. They key risks that are faced by TCS are as follows- risks due to global economic situation, redundancy in business model, integration risk in merger and acquisition, risk in supply side, volatility in currency, risk due to protectionism, Anti bribery and compliance and risk due to pressures of cost. Where is this risk coming from and how is the risk profile changing The risks that are faced by TCS mainly come from global market and currency volatility. It also faces some internal risk like risk due to cost pressure of increasing salaries and operating expenses. It also faces challenges which include cultural, technological and financial risks from other firms after

Problem based learning activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem based learning activity - Essay Example In our initial meeting, we spoke about the locations of the schools. We discussed the education area of Lamar, the administration governing the schools and the number of schools in the region. From our research, we found out that Lamar city consists of five schools ;Primary School, Elementary School, Middle School, High School, and Lamar Career & Technical Center. We also discussed the history of the area. In this discussion, we talked about where people work in agriculture, ranches, and trading. We found out that the area is known for being the home of President Harry Truman. It is located about 292 miles west St. Louis in a beautiful agricultural land with 5.43 square miles area. The population of the area is approximately 4500 with 95% being whites while the rest are from different ethnicities; 0.7% African Americans, 0.3% Asians, 0.6% Native Americans. In our second meeting, we had an intention of creating a plan for improving weaknesses in the education system by collecting data on internal documents, exam results and curricula. This was important in helping us identify the subjects that needed improvement, making a three-year plan for professional development and offering solutions to the current problems. By studying the data for different subjects during the last three years and the effect on students’ comprehension, we could determine the current problems with the system. Moreover, the study would help us find a solution to solve the current problems. Comparing information from different areas was very beneficial in terms of identifying problems and making suggestions. In the third meeting, we discussed the results of our data research on the previous two meetings. We realized that half of the students in grades 3 to 8 had bad results in English. In mathematics, we identified that at least half of the students had good results. However, less than half of the students had good results

Business Environment Essay Example for Free

Business Environment Essay In a highly competitive and ultra-dynamic business environment in order for Morden business to remain competitive and thrive, it is no longer good enough to compete and serve at a local scale, more and more business have seen the need and benefit of expanding their business on a global scale. Expanding the business internationally will allow a broader market which in turn will help the organisation stay competitive even gain a competitive edge, it will also result in increased profit margins and stakeholders larger return on investments. When expanding internationally there are several key issues that will need to be addressed such as the organisational context, the staffing context, recruitment and selection, international compensation and performance management and continued management and re-entry. The organisational context Whinch-it board of directors though lacking the necessary skills to expand globally have expressed interest in expanding to the Asian region to tape into the markets need for boats and boating equipment. When planning an overseas expansion they are several issues that should be considered, these include the change of size and structure of the organisation, the flow and volume of information, control mechanisms, and the host countries demands-Dowling et.al 2008. As the business expands it gets bigger in terms of size and therefore structure of the organisation has to change in order to accommodate the change in size. According to Lihua (2009) two key structural features of the organisation will change which are the hierarchal levels and the number of subunits. Due to more employees being needed they will need to be managers to manage the subunits therefore an increase in the levels of hierarchy in the organisation. Departments such as the export department structure will also be the i nitial stages to be affected and also attended to by manufacturing companies such as Winch-it. Whinch-it will require a foreign agent or a distributor who will have knowledge of the local market, in addition to a foreign agent an export manager is also needed to control the domestic based home office, this new positions will affect the structure and size of Winch-it. With an increasing size of the organisation and a longer hierarchical system the volume of information and control mechanism becomes harder to monitor. According to Arace et.al 1974 communication plays a vital role in the organisation’s control and coordination process and the organisational hierarchy plays a part in the work related communication flows, the more levels of hierarchy means the longer and delay the information might get to certain subunits and the relevancy and urgency of that information might have diminished by the time it gets to its final destination, Arace et.al 1974 also states the need of networking in the organisation as that will strengthen the communication links between individuals in the organisation. There are various organisational structures that Winch-it can adopt for its international expansion, the most effective one I recommend is the matrix structure. By adopting this structure Whinch-it is basically integrating its operations across more than one dimension Dowling et.al (2008). The advantages to this structural form are no issue is neglected as conflicts of interest are brought out in the open and priority is placed upon any problem that may arise in the organisation. Due to Whinch-it having multiple objectives in their plan to internationalize their business such as not just selling their products in the Asian regions but also moving some of the production overseas the matrix structure is an excellent choice as it fits the strategy of simultaneous pursuits and multiple business dimensions which in will also be given equal priority Dowling et.al (2008). According to Qiu et.al (2012) a number of multinational companies use the matrix system to implement high levels of dual strategies such as foreign product diversification and area diversification; this shows the matrix system fits the situation. This matrix structure is highly effective but is also expensive and will require careful implementation and management from the top management. The staffing context Whinch-it can pursue one of several approaches to international staffing, with each having its advantages and disadvantages. These staffing methods include ethnocentric staffing method which the strategic decisions are made at the headquarters and the foreign subsidiaries have limited autonomy. If Whinch-it feels there are no qualified personals in the host country then ethnocentric approach will prove to be the best one. Having a parent company national will also maintain the communication, coordination and control links to corporate headquarters. Disadvantages of this staffing model include reduced productivity and high turnover as a result of limited promotional opportunities to the host country nationals. Another staffing method that can be used is polycentric, this models allows each subsidiary to be managed by a host country national with some decision making autonomy, this will eliminate some of the problems that ethnocentric have while also eliminating adjustment periods, lan guage barriers and it gives continuity of management of foreign subsidiaries Dowling et.al 2008. Polycentric however has its disadvantages such as language barriers with parent company national and the loyalty to the PCN might be lower that the loyalty to the HCN’s nationality. Geocentric method of staffing takes no account of the nationality of the individuals but their ability to perform the task at hand, the advantages of this according to Dowling et.al (2008) is that it enables a development of an international team that will be ready for deployment throughout the global organisation, one of its disadvantages is the host government wanting a bigger percentage of the employees from the host country and it is very expansive due to increased training and relocation cost. Choosing the correct staffing model for Whinch-it, various factors such as the uncertainty of the foreign market and the rules and laws differing greatly from rules and regulation from the PCN and also the technology advancement being different according to Isidor et.al (2011) technology intensity will increase the likelihood of an ethnocentric staffing method, although this will be beneficial I recommend Winch-it to employ the Geocentric staffing model. This model although expensive will allow the organisation to have the best people for the job who are trained by the organisation and will allow for an easier communication and control throughout all the subsidiaries and the PCN headquarters. According to Gowan (2004) recruitment success results from the organisation understanding of relationship among person-job fit, person-organization fit and cultural differences and recruits accordingly. This will help the organisation in employing high potential employees. Recruitment and selection The goal of organisations is to employ people at the positions that there will be able to do their jobs effectively and efficiently, this aspect is extremely important to the organisation as the employees recruited and selected by the organisation will be vital the success of the organisation. Issues that will arise in the international selection and recruiting are the fact that the national government would want the locals to be hired as opposed to foreigners. The fact that they will be cultural difference in the host country the selection of employees will need to be able to adapt to the host country culture and develop the appropriate behaviours as according to host country. Winch-it should consider the factors the inability of expatriate to adjust to foreign culture as this is the main reason for expatriate fail, this may have resulted because of family concerns as the employee will be separated from family or the family will having difficulties adjusting to the foreign land which can put a lot of emotional strain on the expatriate and therefore may also affect their job. The length of the assignment will also prove to be a problem as the expatriate may require longer time to adjust before being effective but due to the lack of time they may be needed to be effective as soon as possible with no sufficient adjustment time. According to Dowling et.al 2008 the companies can offer the expatriate family friendly policies that will assist the families too in the adjustment and adapting to the foreign land. International compensation and performance management Pay is the most important factor as it as the biggest motivator when it comes to employees performing their task effectively and efficiently. A study taken by Chen et.al 2012 showed that groups that where offered a pay increase worked more cohesive and effective that the group that where offered just the base pay. When going international the parent company nationals will need to be compensated for the perceived risk they will be going by going to a foreign land therefor the expatriates should receive benefits that will offer them the incentive to go to their appointed positions and perform at a high level and avoid expatriate failure. Reference list Lihua, W 2009, Ownership, size, and the formal structure of organizations: evidence from US public and private firms, 1992-2002, Industrial Corporate Change, 18, 4, pp. 595-636, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013 arace, R, Pacanowsky, M 1974, Organizational Communication Role, Hierarchical Level, and Relative Status, Academy Of Management Proceedings (00650668), p. 62, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013. Qiu, J, Donaldson, L 2012, Stopford and Wells were Right! MNC Matrix Structures do fit a High-High Strategy, Management International Review (MIR), 52, 5, pp. 671-689, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013 Isidor, R, Schwens, C, Kabst, R 2011, Human resource management and early internationalization: is there a leap-frogging in international staffing?, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 22, 10, pp. 2167-2184, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013 Gowan, MA 2004, Development of the Recruitment Value Proposition for Geocentric Staffing, Thunderbird International Business Review, 46, 6, pp. 687-708, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013. Sparrow, PR 2007, Globalization of HR at function level: four UK-based case studies of the international recruitment and selection process, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 18, 5, pp. 845-867, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013. Chen, C, Williamson, M, Zhou, F 2012, Reward System Design and Group Creativity: An Experimental Investigation, Accounting Review, 87, 6, pp. 1885-1911, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013 Dowling, J Marion Festing, D 2008 â€Å"International human resource management†