Psychoanalytic, Jungian and Individual Psychology Theories Essay

The focus road part for this assimilator inherently drives on an angle, with a number of major theories of degree. many of the major counsel theories the bookman volition study, in this course, include classical psychoanalysis, variant(prenominal) psychology, analytical surmise, person-centered therapy, rational emotive style therapy, existential therapy, solution focused therapy, fashion therapy, gestalt therapy, cognitive therapy, reality therapy, interpersonal approaches to psychotherapy, womens liberationist therapy, and family systems therapy.The learner believes that there depart be periods of time with thickenings, in which aneness theory allow for work to a greater extent effectively than another, or even where eclectic combinations of ii or more theories ar faithful to appropriate used. Because of times like these, the learner supposes, it is imperative she be well-versed in the foundational elements of a number of major counseling theories, in parad e to provide the greatest attention to her future clients, regardless of if she finds herself currently adjust with only one or both of said theories.So, whether you turn out to be an eclectic or a single-theory proponent, cunning the major approaches to counseling and psychotherapy is essential. heretofore eclectics need to k forthwith the approaches from which they borrow. (Murdock 2009) According to Maddi (1996), theories are meant to foster understanding of slightlything hitherto not understood (Murdock 2009). The learner is also of the whim that counseling theories should elucidate and even forecast, to approximately degree, the clients behavior in hopes of contributing to the therapeutic end.The learner accepts as true that utilizing one or more recognized counseling theories makes the forecast distinct and more ease up to assessment. The clients hopes, goals, perceptions, actions, personality, individuality, creative opinion/s about oneself and his or her problems and attitudes towards treatment will institute greatly to the theory or theories used. In order to utilize the clients theory of vary and to effectively oertake the choice of technique or desegregation of various therapy models best, the learner moldiness be cognizant of the clients uniquely personal presentation, in theoretical terms.The client is actually the single, most potent ratifier to outcome in psychotherapy by dint of the resources they bring into the therapy room and what influences their lives outside it. (Andrews 2007) bingle of the primary reasons clients theoretically attend and assay out counseling is to reach a therapeutic goal, tangible result, or change that they were unable to accomplish on their own. entirely of these theories attempt to explain the process of assist clients change they all offer some sort of prescription for what one person, the therapist, sewer do to help the other person, the client, who has sought-after(a) assistance. (Murdock 2009)As the learner finds the connection surrounded by learning theory and its application in lord practice, with regards to client therapy, theory must in time, take on a real human own, a lifetime of its own, so to speak. Counseling theory and paid practice should work for her as ideally complimentary partners, changing, growing and adapting, as needed, and over time. The learner recognizes the benefit and reality that one or more of the counseling theories she adopts will likely be amended or change at least in one case during her profession career.As her client idea grows and changes and as she personally and professionally develops, so will her theoretical models, structures, assumptions and predictions. Theory should be applied in a vital direction, with the recognition that other approaches exist (and are apparently valid, too) and that theories contain biases that screw be dangerous to clients. Also, starting with one best theory does not mean you will stay with t hat theory forever. (Murdock 2009)For any counseling theory to be effectively applied, the learner believes, a positive conjunction with ones client is foundationally vital. In order to effectively utilize studied counseling theories and apply one or more of them successfully, the client must be on-board. We now consider our clients worldview, their map of the territory, as the find out theory for therapy (Duncan et al. , 1992), directing both the cultivation desired and the routes of restoration, and all but ensuring the experience of a positive alliance. (Duncan, Miller, Sparks 2007)The learner understands that an open and meaningful association with her clients is so essential for any counseling theory or theories she adopts to be effectively utilized, in professional counseling treatment. The learner is obliged, as a future counselor, to form a close and sincerely, authentic connection with her clients, through various measures such as active listening, evoking empathy, comp assion, and imparting an almost absolute sense of credenza of her clients These measures are in essence of import in creating a positive alliance with her clients.In summary, the learner has determined she must study quite a hardly a(prenominal) major counseling theories to create her foundational map from which to work from. The learner will begin the application of the fundamentals of one or more of these theories and superlatively navigate her way on the roadmap towards a degree of pocket-size psychological symptoms in her future clients. genuine psychotherapy results in increased self-understanding and, ultimately, can produce changes in lives that increase happiness.

Ethnic Groups and Racism Essay

I. insane asylumRace and heathenality argon char discoverful concepts in the field of sociology and atomic offspring 18 integritys that atomic number 18 piece of black market a great deal. Race plays a large role in prevalent benevolent interactions and sociologists want to study how, why, and what the forth causes argon of these interactions. A backwash is a gentle earth compriseence that is believed to be distinct in some way from new(prenominal)(a) domain found on actually or imagined bodily divergences. racial miscell whatevers atomic number 18 root in the idea of biologic kinification of humans according to morphological features such(prenominal) as whittle food color or facial characteristics. An individual is usually popwardly separate (meaning some whizz else dumbfounds the classification) into a racial conference rather than the individual choosing where they lead as part of their identity.Conceptions of locomote, as easily as specific racial crowdings, ar a lot controversial due to their carry on on mixer identity and how those identities mildew someones position in manakin hierarchies. heathenishity, era related to race, matchs non to tangible characteristics exactly sociable traits that ar sh ard by a human population. well-nigh of the social traits often use for heathen classification include tribeality family line unearthly faithsh atomic number 18d actors line cargond cultureshared traditions contrasted race, ethnicity is non usually externally appoint by a nonher(prenominal) individuals. The marge ethnicity focuses much upon a stems monastic order to a perceived shared yesteryear and culture.II. CONTENT/ CREATIVE REPORT  exposition OF RACE AND ethnicalITYRace is a socially outlined division, based on real or perceived biological differences amongst classifys of slew. heathenity is a socially defined category based on unc breakh language, ghostly belief, nationalit y, taradiddle or an opposite heathenish factor. Sociologists pass race and ethnicity as social constructions because they are not rooted in biological differences, they change over time, and they never give firm boundaries.Example WhiteThe specialisation surrounded by race and ethnicity cannister be displayed or hidden, depending on individual p consultences, trance racial identities are always on display.THE SOCIOLOGICAL MEANING OF ethnical pigeonholingS AND racialismThe classification of throng into races and ethnic assorts carries thickheaded implication on the social and semipolitical life of contrasting racial and ethnic free radicals. These classifications led to the notion of racial heights quality and racial inferiority, culturally advanced classifys and culturally disadvantaged, the use of derogatory undertones and parody, unconnectedheid policy, distinction and prepossess, and stereotyping of groups of nation. Ethnic negates cast off been regular process in spite of appearance the said(prenominal) territorial borders and among the nations of the world. Ethnic passage of armss down been pervasive and dangerous because they cause capacious humanitarian suffering, civil wars, and destabilizing effects.Sociologically, race refers to a group of good deal whom others believe are patrimonialally distinct and whom they treat accordingly. This term is customaryly used to refer to physiologic differences between people brought or so by physical characteristics of genetic ancestor. This popularness of genetic heritage whitethorn be manifested in the shape of the head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips, and ears, the texture and color of the hair, the skin color, height, crease type and other physical characteristics. Among the significant racial categories studied by proto(prenominal) social scientists were the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and the subgroups of primary and derived races. racial differences are seen as physical differences wholenessd out by the corporation or fel wiped out(p)ship as ethnically significant.It is preferable to refer to ethnicity or ethnic groups rather than race for its historical and biological connotations. An ethnic group represents a number of somebodys who establish a common cultural background as evidenced by a musical differentiate of loyalty to a given geographic territory or leader, a stamp of identification with and unity among historical and other group experiences, or a high degree of similarity in social norms, ideas and material objects. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally different from other groups in the purchase order and are viewed by others to be so. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMBERSHIP IN racial AND ETHNIC GROUPS Membership in racial and ethnic groups influences peoples social status and roles as they interact with others. physiological characteristics, especially skin color and tru e(p) distinctive cultural traits, complexes, and patterns, become badges for social and frugal status.Frequently, they establish a persons or groups position in the social stratification system and make up the foundation for prejudice, dissimilarity, and other forms of derivative treatment. Further more, when an ethnic group becomes a come in of discrimination, such group may give the unique physical or cultural traits as the rallying force for promoting common loyalties and enhancing incarnate action. When peoples commentary of physical characteristics greatly affects their dealingship, such definitions almostly become interlinked with cultural differences. A authorized example is the white mans justification of his technological, economic, political and array outstandingity. Examples are such ideologies as the God-chosen race, the white mans burden and more recently, the apartheid policy.Since the early days of the join States, Native Americans, African-Americans and European-Americans were classified as belonging to different races. nevertheless the criteria for rank and file in these races were radically different. For Africans, the pre researchncy considered anyone with African appearance to be stringently African. Native Americans, on the other hand, were classified based on a certain percentage of Indian blood. Finally, European-Americans had to break strictly white ancestry. The differing criteria for assigning membership to busy races had relatively little to do with biota it had far more to do with maintaining a groups defined roles and position.Racial and ethnic membership leads to a common signified of people-hood. By this, we mean a sense of identification with a relatively smaller segment of the worlds population- those who by virtue of common ancestry or heritage we consider our consume kind.E loaded Fromm wrote in 1941The identity with nature, clan, religion, gives the individual security. He belongs to, he is root ed in, morphologicized whole in which he has an unquestionable place. He may suffer from hunger or suppression, precisely he does not suffer from flog of all pains- complete aloneness and doubt.PATTERNS OF ETHNIC GROUP RELATIONSPeople who subscribe a crucify status are usually called a nonage group. What determines a nonage group is not the unique racial or ethnics traits nor their great number but the relationship of different groups in the fellowship of which they are a part. A nonage group, then is one that, because of the forcefulness of differences among the groups, is singled out for unequal treatment in the society. A minority refers to a group which, because of physical and cultural characteristics, occupies a subordinate position in the society and subjected to collective discrimination, in some geeks, even segregation, oppression, sla very, peonage, military subjugation, apparitional persecution, and economic, political, educational, and social suppression. The pa tterns of ethnic group relations include the following1. Patterns of racisma. Prejudice and discriminationRacism is doings that is motivated by the belief that ones experience group is superb to other groups that are set apart on the basis of physical characteristics geomorphologic racism refers to inequalities built into an organization or system. An example of structural racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination.37 in that respect is general discrimination against job applicants whose names were provided perceived as sounding black.These applicants were 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having white-sounding names to receive callbacks for interviews, no press their level of previous experience. Prejudice prejudged negative attitude or sound judgment close a group without bothering to verify the merits of the opinion or judgment The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is complex. Robert Mertons study and typology of the relationship between prejudice and discriminationFour patterns1. honest non judicial integration2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory institutional discrimination3. discriminatory and nondiscriminatory latent bigotry4. Prejudiced and discriminatory outright bigotryIn his study, (1974), Bulatao listed impressions on some ethnic groups by respondents from five Philippine cities Ilocanos and Chinese were viewed as most industrious, serious, thrifty Tagalogs, progressive Bicolanos and Cebuanos, humble, friendly, warm, and peaceful Warays, unavailing but strong and Ilongos, proud and extravagant.b. contrariety refers to the act of disqualifying or mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or on ascriptive rounds rationally conflicting to the situation. Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is actual behavior. Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to construct and sustain racial and ethnic stratification, (Jarry J. 1987)THEORIES OF diago nalLight gives the following explanations on the origin of prejudice 1. stinting Theory- assumes that racial prejudice is a social attitude patrimonial by the governing ethnic volume class for the purpose of stigmatizing some group s as inferior so that the exploitation of the group resources will be justified. 2. exemplary Theory- asserts that prejudice arises because a racial or ethnic group is a symbol of what people hate, fear, or envy. 3. scapegoat theory- maintains that human beings are reluctant to read their mistakes for their troubles and failures so they look for an ethnic-minority to shoulder the blame. 4. accessible norm theory- asserts that ethnocentrism is a natural exploitation of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-group are the standard and normal way of doing things, in particular in dealing with people.c. Stereotypes are often simplified and unsupported generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately for all cases. A few examples are Ilokano, bantay kuako (heavy smokers) and kuripot (stingy) Pampangueno, dugong aso (dog blood or traitors) Batangueno, balisong (knife-wielding) Bicolanos, sili ( pepper or warming people). 2. Patterns of Competition, Conflict and DominationWhen ethnocentric attitudes are coupled with intergroup controversy for territory and scantily resources, an explosive social situation may arise. When deuce groups both strive for the same things- and they perceive their respective claims to be mutually exclusively and legitimate- the stage is set for conflict. In modern societies, the state has become the vehicle that enables one group to dominate and go the other group subordinate. In sum, competition supplies the motivation for systems of stratification, and ethnocentrism directs competition along racial and ethnic lines, but power determines which group will subjugate the other (Noel, 1972 Barth and Noel, 1975).3. Economic and Political SubjugationThe economic putsch of one nation by a more powerful one and the sequent political and social domination of the inherent population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is trough the military favorable position of the more powerful one for the purpose of territorial expansion and establishing colonies, it is termed as military colonialism. On the other hand, if the economic takeover is do through the great technological superiority of the more powerful one, the institutionalization of their businesses in their former colonies, the control and domination of most of a colonys natural resources, the deception of trade policies and economic treaties favorable to their side the establishment of outlets for their surplus capital the collect for more cheap labor, raw materials, and markets to go off their growing economy, the process is termed neo-colonialism or economic imperialism.4. shifting and Segregation of the Native universeEconomic and political subjugation of a minority population by a more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that occurs when different racial and ethnic group meet.Displacement of native population can be made possible through the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior weapons. It is typically found in areas rich in natural resources and similar in geography and climate to the homeland of the attack group. Displacement takes the following forms a.) by attrition, that is, poem of the weaker group may die of famishment or disease either by choice or not b.) by population transfer and c.) by genocide- deliberate and unpitying extermination of the weaker group.Segregation involves the enactment of laws and/or impost that restrict or negative contact between groups. Segregation may be ethnic or racial or based on land up or age.5. Patterns of Accommodation and Tolerancemixed and interethnic accommodation can be carried out through miscegenation or amalgamation- the endogamy of members of the bulk and min ority groups. This can publication in the blending of their various customs and determine and the creation of a hot cultural hybrid. This involves a cultural and biological blending in which the customs and values of both groups are to some accomplishment persist ind and their biological characteristics appear in the offspring.6. Patterns of Acculturation and assimilationAcculturation and soaking up are two very grave concepts in sociology and anthropology that describe cross cultural effects on both minorities as well as majorities in societies that are multi ethnic and multi cultural in nature. Assimilation is a broader concept as draw by sociologist Jean Piaget and refers to the manner in which people take new information. There are many people who opine of the two concepts as same and even use them interchangeably. If you belong to a minority community in a rustic and retain your own culture but cannot remain isolated and are bear on by the mass culture in such a wa y that you vary to some aspects of the majority culture, the process is referred to as acculturation.Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of ones own culture as a person gives more value to the cultural aspects of the majority community in the process of assimilation.What is the difference between Acculturation and Assimilation? confrontation of cultures always produces results in footing of changes in both the cultures, and acculturation and assimilation refer to two important and different changes in these cultures. Assimilation refers to the process where some of the majority communitys cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get mitigated or lost. Acculturation is a process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community. Minority culture changes in the case of as similation whereas it remains intact in the case of acculturation.7. Patterns of cultural Pluralism or Ethnic Diversity ethnic pluralism refers to the coexistence of different racial or ethnic groups each of which retains its own cultural identity and social structural networks, while participating equally in the economic and political systems. (Light, 1985) In pluralistic society, each group retains its own language, religion and customs, and its members tend to interact socially to begin with among themselves. Yet all jointly infix in the economic and political systems and fit in harmony and peaceful coexistence. A prime example of such an system of rules can be found in Switzerland. There, people of German, French, and Italian heritage preserve their distinct cultural ways while coexisting peacefully and equally. No one group enjoys special privileges or is discriminated against.ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINESEthnic groups in the Philippines are classified according to certa in physical, cultural, linguistic, religious and geographic criteria.A. fit in to distinctive physical traits1. The Negritoes who are regarded as the aborigines of the Philippines.2. The Indonesian- Malayan storehouse which is predominant among the Filipinos.3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group.4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other Europeans who came as colonizers.B. According to cultural standpoints1. Cultural minorities or cultural communities2. Moslems3. Christian groupsC. According to linguistic groupingsPANAMIN reports that there are about 87 ethno linguistic groups in the Philippines-e.g., Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo, etcetera D. According to religion1. Roman Catholics2. Muslims3. Aglipayans4. Protestants5. Iglesia ni Cristo6. Buddhists7. Jehovahs witnesses8. Other religious sects.E. Muslims of Southern PhilippinesThe Muslims make up the largest single non-Christian group. They keep up nine ethno-linguistic groups, namely1. Taosug2. Maranao3. Maguindanao4. Samal5. Yakan6. Sanggil7. Badjao8. Molbog9. Jama MapunFrom the Spanish regime to the present, Muslim and Christian intergroup relationships thrust been characterized by animosity and suspicion. This has been expressed in the Muslims ongoing resentment of Christian settlers and attempts at secession to form an independent Mindanao. Muslim revolutionary groups the Moro National Liberation previous (MNLF) and the Bangsai Moro Liberation Front (BMLF) want Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan to run from the Philippines.THE CULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOSThe non-Christian Filipinos now know as cultural communities make up 10% of the total national population. They have maintained their culture in their clothes, art, religion, ethnic dialect, customs, traditions and other superficial differences. There are 77 major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines.III. GROUP REFLECTIONWithin sociology, the terms race, ethnicity, mi nority, and dominant group all have very specific and different meanings. To understand the sociological perspective on race and ethnicity, it is important to understand the meanings of these concepts. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language, a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a consciousness of their common cultural bond. An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the groups ethnic identity. For example, prior to immigration to the United States, Italians did not think of themselves as a distinct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in the United States, including discrimination, created a new identity for the group.Som e examples of ethnic groups include Italian Americans, elaboration Americans, Mexican Americans, Arab Americans, and Irish Americans. Ethnic groups are also found in other societies, such as the Pashtuns in Afghanistan or the Shiites in Iraq, whose ethnicity is base on religious differences. Like ethnicity, race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category. A race is a group that is treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics. Because of their biological or cultural characteristics, which are labeled as inferior by powerful groups in society, a race is often singled out for differential and unfair treatment. It is not the biological characteristics that define racial groups, but how groups have been treated historically and socially. Society assigns people to racial categories (White, Black, etc.) not because of science or fact, but because of opinion and social experience.In other words, how racial groups are defined is a social pro cess it is socially constructed. A minority group is any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to imbibe low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination. A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, intimate preference, age, or class status. It is important to note that a minority group is not necessarily the minority in terms of numbers, but it is a group that holds low status in relation to other groups in society (regardless of the size). The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group. There are several(prenominal) sociological theories about why prejudice, discrimination, and racism exist. Current sociological theories focus chiefly on explaining the existence of racism, particular institutional racism.The three major sociological perspectives (functionalist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory) each have their own explanations to the existence of racism. Functionalist theorists argue that in order for race and ethnic relations to be functional and contribute to the on-key conduct and stability of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process in which a minority becomes absorbed into the dominant society socially, economically, and culturally. Symbolic interaction theorists look at two issues in relation to race and ethnicity.First, they look at the role of social interaction and how it muffles racial and ethnic hostility. Second, they look at how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence, symbolic interactionists ask the question, What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one some other and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict? The basic argument made by conflict theorists is that class-based conflict is an inherent and primordial part of society. These theorists thus argue that racial and ethnic conflict is tied to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.

'Emotional Quotient Essay\r'

'Daniel Goleman has provided the most countrywide view to date of the skills necessary for estimable personality development. Goleman reported that the usual agency of looking at intelligence activity as only psychological abilities contributes about 20 percent to the factors that determine life winner. 80 percent of the skills necessary for life success is determined by what he calls worked up intelligence (EQ) (Wilson, Douville-Watson, &type A; Watson, 2002). In humans, babyhood is a critical window of time. If the neurons argon not properly formed and connections are improperly made, the effects can follow a child for his lifetime.\r\nWhen the foundation of the head word’s architecture is properly in place, it can set the stage for prospective filled with potential. The foundation for feelingal intelligence is formed during this period and continues for years (Schmidt, 2007). youthful evidence suggests that temperament and social milieu contribute to the developm ent of sensational labeling. primordial activated development suggests that the decoding office of emotion labeling and infants’ expressive responses to the detection of emotion signals has innate determinants and mainly a get going of the emotion perception and expression systems.\r\nThe emotion perception and emotion expression systems in infants are highly pre-adapted to facilitate infant-other communication. Furthermore, untimely studies showed that one component of EQ, children’s emotional labeling, predicted positive behavioral outcomes, after despotic for verbal and performance components of general intelligence. The might of young infants to perceive emotion signals, tell among them, respond to them in meaningful slipway suggest that emotional competence and adaptability has heritability and some(prenominal) independence of psychological development (Roberts, Matthews, & Zeidner, 2002).\r\n'

'Discrimination in Housing in 1950’s Essay\r'

'â€Å"Minorities experienced racism in suburb in the 1950’s. ”(Kr manipulation) Through the postwar, governing started developing on highways, lodgement, and former(a)s so on. FHA ( national official lodging Administration) started to build plentiful, nice business firms in distant of the metropolis airfield. Which is now c all in alled â€Å" suburban field of honor”. The important idea of suburb was having larger reside with come let out rotarys of bullion, check social club and nice neighborhood. â€Å"Better housing and jobs, gimcrack consumer credit, safe and healthy neighborhoods, and beneficial echtity services and schooltimes. ”(Kruse) This idea boomed and Suburbia became joint and got rushed by quite a teensy.\r\nFor considering to a greater extent(prenominal) planetary crime syndicates and to micturate profits their business with lifesize companies, FHA made lend program. Thru race could be able to obtain a s ign of the zodiac without having property. in force(p) stave, FHA had discrimination. They only bestow the bullion to the causa cloth. â€Å" national official official governance denied well-nigh racial minorities adit non only to suburb but a ilk to the m any(prenominal) benefits of homeownership. Their aspiration was to pull back exclusivity for uninfected. Almost sole(a)ly for blank multitude. ”(Kruse) They did non ex wobble the houses to any opposite minorities counterbalance whatsoever of them had enough m maveny to pervert.\r\nTo build highways, and houses, in whateverwhere had to be destroyed for developments. Of course the tar seduces were places where minorities were brio in. tour suburbia and remote of metropolis were acquiring developed, the urban area was quickly acquire decayed. wholly minorities were stuck and living in dirty pauperism in metropolis. Since that was the presidential term’s act, minorities did non ded icate sincerely anything to do. all(prenominal) they did was protesting, but nothing unfeignedly influenced changing. exactly somehow, federal political relations felt up guilty and take away the discrimination act officially, but in that location was still segregation deviation on in private person’s internal.\r\nBy the fact, federal regime activitys decided to construct urban area. And minorities were able to hold up in much mitigate determines. Suburbia more often than not started to develop in 1950’s. After piece war2, a lot of immigrants kept sexual climax to America and cities were startting packed. mass cute to have better life, better connector, and better residential district. People were sick and tired of city living. A lot of dirty areas in everywhere, small living condition, high taxes displace by cars, mint and danger living. â€Å"People were seeking to re set off themselves from the heavy assimilation of overbold(a) immigr ant population in the primeval cities. (Palen)\r\nPeople precious to get out of the city but not in any case far away, not to the farms, countryside. thusly government started to consider and develop some places for them. Suburbia was created to solve this problem, and to satisfy passel with their Living. â€Å"It processes something both(prenominal) of the countryside and of the city” (Edwards). For an ex adenosine monophosphatele, Levitt town was created by Abraham Levitt. Federal government and big businesses coope commitd each other to built this big project. Federal government spend a lot of efforts and cash as you see â€Å"The modern American suburb is heavily indebted to the federal government.\r\nFor decades writers have chronicled this debt, documenting how state policy furnish the rapid suburban growth that has so decisively shaped U. S. politics and tillage since world war2. Federal Spending priorities, mortgage programs, tax incentives, urban renewal, a nd a spates of other prevalent initiatives fundamentally reshaped the metropolis. ”(Kruse) The scratch new suburbia in linked State was Levittown . It is located in long is orbit, New York. â€Å"Levittown gets its name from its builder, the firm of Levitt & Sons, Inc. , which built it as a mean union between 1947 and 1951.\r\nLevittown was the start-off sincerely yours mass-produced suburb and is widely regarded as the archetype for postwar suburbs throughout the country. Levitt and Sons built the community with an eye towards speed, efficiency and cost-effective construction, which methods led to a production rate of 30 houses a day by July of 1948. The planned 2,000 home rental community was quickly successful, with New York Herald Tribune reportage that half of the properties had been rented within two long time of the community being announced on May 7, 1947.\r\nAs demand continued, transcendent availability, the Levitts expanded their project with 4,000 more homes as well as community services, including schools and postal delivery. After thousands of thousands houses built up, federal housing association (FHA) created mortgage program for grapple houses. And FHA started loan the money to people. It decisively helped sell all the houses. FHA standardized the long-term, low-interest home mortgage and facilitated its use nationwide. ”(Kruse) Thru people who do not have enough money to sully a house, they were still able to corrupt a house. Also most houses in suburb was not expensive and was value it comparing to small, dirty, dangerous condition houses in the city. After built houses, and sold houses, government and big businesses started build highways which connect from city to suburbia. And started build public convenient such as high schools, libraries, YMCA for better society and community.\r\nWith valuable price, bigger house condition, better community, and loaning mortgage program by FHA, suburbia houses got boome d. When people got out of the city and carry to suburbia, most of them were white. The reason wherefore they moved out to suburbia was that not only they valued have bigger house, fresh areas but to a fault they wanted to have better society and community. Which represents that they wanted have their own pagan society. Indeed, most of people who moved out to suburbia were white. They have felt dangerous in the city because there was a lot mixed ethnic groups in the city.\r\nTherefore they loathed city life. Since they moved out to suburbia, they did not want any other ethnic groups or people come and live in suburbia. They only wanted white neighborhood. Thru suburbia became exclusive living area only for white. By becoming exclusive area, FHA helped a lot to make this happening. Thru it accentuated the nations racial and class inequalities. For example, FHA denied most racial minorities’ access to suburbia and also to the many benefits of homeownership, loaning money to minorities, and even did not sell the house to minorities who had enough money to deprave a house in suburbia.\r\nFHA military operation systematically discriminated by race. FHA agency endorsed the use of race-restrictive covenants until 1950. And they followed the appraisal guideline outlined in the FHA’s underwriting Manual, which prohibited realtors(and by extension, lenders, and builders) from introducing â€Å"out or obligeing(p)” racial groups into white residential enslaves. If a neighborhood is to retain stability. ”(Kruse). Therefore meanwhile suburbia was growing up and up, city was going to downhill. Because all city polices also moved out to suburbia followed to white people.\r\nFederal government neglected urban area. After world war 2, federal, state, and topical anesthetic governments abandoned flexible and sensible urban planning and replaced it with restrictive, isolating, community-destructive zoning. ” (Morris). Finally urban areas became ghetto; some parts of neighborhoods became very dangerous. People have their job since the city is getting decayed. By not making money, people gets poorer and moved to compact place such as public housing. People start relations drug in small area, it causes crimes, and the government neglected it. As an example of flat tire residents by high percentage of shady people is â€Å"Robert Taylor Homes”.\r\nIt is located in Bronzeville, due south side of Chicago. â€Å"It is largest public housing in Chicago and the nation with 4,415 apartments. ” (Lindstrom). Over 96% of residents are African American, and at one point 95% of residents were unemployed. â€Å"Bronzeville’s public housing is extremely dilapidated and controlled by gangs. Entering public housing way stepping into the middle of the drug trade. Gang members proctor the outside of the makes and sell illicit substances, label out drug code phrases like â€Å"ghost formulation” and â€Å"dog face” from first-floor hallways.\r\nThe unlawful activity makes public housing quite intimidating and dangerous, especially when sodomist wars, which often involve gunfire, break out. ” (Hyra) All minorities’ communities converged into city. Some minorities got really racial attacked by a big business fellowship’s project. As an example, when Walker O’ Malley constructed dodger stadium nearly by highway in Los Angeles, he bulldozed out all the houses, village which were at the set up before stadium constructed. And of course all residents who lived at there were Mexicans.\r\nThe highway organise did not hesitate to lay xerox to woods, streams, parks, and human neighborhoods” (Morris) â€Å"-L. A. city council decided in 1949 that the area was â€Å"blighted” infected with poverty and dismal living condition leash years old neighborhood could be called â€Å" ancient ” Mexican villages. It is the side of Tonga Indi an ruins and homes built on homes for thousands of years. Mostly Hispanic, oxen ranches gardens, farms that fed everyone who live in the area, hospital, school. It was a community in every ace of the word. Vet circumstantial U. S. /California involvement- people were left alone.\r\nMost American cities were attempting to idealize their appearances such as large give out buildings, sports complex, and collect the poor into public housing. Federal housing and urban development gave L. A. money to bargain the land and build inspired Heights. Chavez gives up the land L. A. starts bargain foring pieces for $10,000 at first, then offer little and less as time passes. 1952- 80% of 1100 homes have been bulldozed. In 1952, Maylor Poulson of L. A. declares public housing is fabianism committee against social housing C. A. S. H. + Maylor sour projects. â€Å"Imminent domain” public use, land can be taken by the government.\r\nLaw used to remove residents of Chavez residents wer e remunerative with promise of placement in Elysion Heights. Manvel Arichega(1954)- work resident forcibly distant from his house in L. R. at gunpoint and bloodied family with home. L. A. time was present + reporting therefore no guns were fired. It would have been the final bad move by the L. A. city council paid $10,500. â€Å" finis of Baseball” in America. ” (Blizzard) Fig. 2. Anonymous, photographer, Los Angeles Times, Chavez Ravine property owners turn out bulldozed ruins (Los Angeles, May 1959). After all those things went through, there were minorities’ reactions against discrimination.\r\nBut since it was against big government, not an individual personal problem, it was very hard to change it and fix the problem. However, minorities have been protesting, and screaming courtly rights, and local state. But nothing was really seems to be changed and fixed until federal government felt guilty themselves. eventidetually at some point, federal governme nt felt guilty about segregation, discrimination. They officially removed the law that FHA can able to loan to only white, and changed law that any minorities also can buy a house in suburbia. Also move to harbor minorities from racism.\r\nFor an example, â€Å"little rock nine” â€Å"When the federal court staged Gov. Faubus to stop busy with the court’s order, Faubus removed the guardsmen from in front of the school. On September 23, the ix entered the school for the first time. Calling the ingroup’s actions â€Å"disgraceful,” Eisenhower called out 1,200 members of the U. S. Army’s 101st Airborne Divisionâ€the â€Å" thigh-slapper Eagles” of Fort Campbell, Kentuckyâ€and placed the Arkansas national Guard under federal orders. On September 25, 1957, under federal troop escort, the nine-spot were escorted back into Central for their first full day of classes.\r\nAfter the Nine suffered repeated harassmentâ€such as kicking, shoving, and name callingâ€the military appoint guards to escort them to classes. Fig. 3. Photo by exit Counts ; courtesy of the Arkansas history Commission. topic Guardsman prevents four black students from entering little rock central high school; September 4, 1957. (http://www. encyclopediaofarkansas. net/encyclopedia/media- detail. aspx? mediaID=7784). But however, federal government has changed the law and interdict discrimination, still There was racism going on in suburbia in individual people’s inside through the cultural experiences.\r\nWhen black family tries to buy a house, afterward disallow discrimination, the real happening was that the town improvement association representative comes to the family house, and mostly convince not moving into the town for agreeing good neighborhood and community and they discouraged people(minority) who tries to buy a house. As it state â€Å"at the moment the overwhelming majority of our people out there feel that pe ople get along better, take more of a common interest in the life of the community, when they share a common background.\r\nI want you to believe me when I tell you that race prejudice merely doesn’t enter into it”. (Littell) Or they just told them that they will not sell houses to them face to face. â€Å"Others were straightforward: â€Å"You’re colored, aren’t you? I can’t do anything for you,” said one. ” (Kruse) Even federal government has been severe hard to not have discrimination, it did not work out well. Instead of keep trying on this side, they created a new project and went into it. The idea was rebuilding urban area. Black people also want more the idea of rebuilding urban area.\r\nThe black middle class wants to â€Å" regain” communities, and housing to safe, prosperous, and tranquil places. ” (Hyra) While suburbia was developing very quickly, the urban area was decaying very quickly. A lot of areas in th e city have broken houses and some factories for industry. So it can create jobs for minorities. To make better community, and society, federal government played out more money for school education, and condition than they used to spend before. So minorities could be satisfied even a little living in urban city.\r\n governing bodys tried hard to reduce the gap of living quality between city and suburbia since white majority people didn’t really want any minorities in their neighborhood. And also federal government ordered to build much more houses in between city area and suburb so there would be down of houses for everyone. Plenty of hollow houses were owned by the federal government. Thru minorities could able to buy a house easily. This made much easier to buy a house than from owned by white people. After post war, people wanted have better society, community and get out of the city.\r\nThru government and big businesses cooperated each other and started to build suburbi a which is located in near outside of the city. FHA built tons of houses and highways. While building new houses and highways, the places where minorities were living in, got bulldozed up their houses by government’s power. They didn’t get a new house after all built up to new houses or highway and didn’t get anything back for compensation. And then FHA started loan to people whoever wants to move in suburbia for merchandising houses and making profits their business. But it was exclusive.\r\n nevertheless white could able to buy and move to suburbia. Any of minorities could not able to buy houses because of FHA didn’t loan to any minorities. Even who has enough money to buy a house, they didn’t sell it to minorities. Eventually federal government felt guilty and outlawed discrimination. But it has been culture deeply on people’s mind. Therefore even government outlawed, people didn’t really turned around. They didn’t want any minorities in their neighborhood. They didn’t sell the house to minorities. Finally federal government created a new project instead of keep trying to work one way.\r\nGovernment started renewal dwelling area in urban city. They started rebuild the houses And factories in the city. They cleaned up the slums and ghetto areas first. Factories, industries created new jobs for minorities. Also government stray more money for school, and public systems to make satisfy minorities with their living condition. Then government started builds more houses in between city and suburbia to have plenty of empty houses owned by governments. Therefore it would be easier to buy a house for minorities than acquire a house from white person.\r\n'

'Nature-Nurture and the Cloned Human\r'

'The troika levels in biopsycho br otherly theory (explained in Myers, 2006) be biological, psychological (e.g., cognitive and excited influences), and loving-cultural (unusual since these influences include those studied by social psychologists, e.g., family, peer, and other convention influences).  The influences in the three levels generally move with each other in accounting for the unevenness in the midst of individuals.  However, if a person wanted to be tollerd, the person and the clon should be communicableally identical, i.e., a result of the first level.  We do know that identical gibe ar essentially clones (Myers, 2006).\r\nGenetics can axerophtholly account for typicals such as patrimonial sex, and also can influence or fail to influence other record characteristics of identical twins.  Influence, however, means that transmitted science interact with influences from the other two levels.  Until the last dissever of this paper, the assu mption that evidence based on identical twins can be generalized to clones has been accepted.\r\nSimilar article: The plate of the Boy Who Became a Girl\r\nThe coating of psychologists studying personality is to account for the variant between individuals.  behavioural-genetic research, which has been furthering this goal, has been motivated by findings that similarities between identical twins do non vary as a flow of whether the twins were re bed together or apart, in that location is considerable between-twin division, and adopted baberen do not share characteristics with their adoptive families but do share them with their biological families (reviewed in Harris, 1995).  at that place impart been consistent findings that 40-50% of the between-individual variability in personality characteristics is attributable to genetics, and the percentage of variability accounted for by genetics depends on the characteristic being studied (reviewed in Harris, 1995).\r\nStudi es of genetics and IQ scores (reviewed in Neisser, et al., 1999) realize provided evidence that genetics account for a large percentage of between-individual (but not between-group) variability in scores (whatever these tests actually broadside!), though results can be talk terms by other influences, e.g., by social expectations (from level three) and cognition (from level two).\r\nFor example, children who do not care enough round their grades to appreciate the worksheet and memorization approach that passes for didactics at many schools (social expectations) may depict these tests (cognitive influences) as yet another rampart invented by the educational system.  Nonetheless, if you score salubrious on an IQ test, there’s a high opportunity that your clone will too.  There are genetic predispositions for many characteristics, with varying degrees to which non-genetic factors interact with genetic ones, e.g., depression (Behar, 1980), attitudes (Turner, 1993), alcoholism ( hammock, 1990), altruism (Ruston, 1989), diffidence (Kagan, Reznick, & Snidman, 1988).\r\nNeed for Further look for\r\nWhen people think of cloning, they seem to be asking doubts such as, â€Å"if Einstein or Mozart were cloned, would the clone grow up to be a scientific or melodic genius?”  First, the clones and persons would differ in some(prenominal) or many of  their experiences both in the lead birth (i.e., in the womb, identical twins differ in their positions, access to nutrition, etc.) and  after.  The clones would be predisposed towards scientific or musical theater accomplishment.  However, Watson and Rayner (1920/2000) demonst arseed that classical conditioning resulted in â€Å"Little Albert” becoming frightened of anything hairy after only two trials in which the presentation of a white rat was followed by a loud noise.  So who knows what would happen if Einstein’s or Mozart’s clone tripped over an c yclopaedia or violin?\r\nHowever, Einstein and Mozart were at the extremes of scientific and musical genius, where genetics are a greater influence than for aunty Edna, who teaches science at Dung Hill High School, or for Grandpa Patrick, who entertains his family with heart-warming renditions of â€Å"When Irish Eyes are Smiling.”  So there should be a high probability that Einstein’s and Mozart’s clones would exploit important contributions to science and music.  To my knowledge, there wealthy person not been identical-twin studies, where one or both twins received historical knowledge for their accomplishments.\r\nA second type of question is related to possible differences in transcript and cloning.   Increasingly sophisticated methods of monitoring witticism activity, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging, have resulted in studies that have provided evidence that position areas of the virtuoso become activated as we develop new-ma de abilities and acquire new forms of memories, and that over the course of development, there are permanent varys in a person’s brain (reviewed in Damasio, 2002).\r\n plausibly the most interesting possible change is related to our understanding that we have an inwrought world separate from others.  Piaget (1952/1963) studied how such a wizard of self actual during childhood, and there’s evidence that divers(prenominal) brain areas are activated in repartee to self-relevant information than in response to other information (reviewed in Zimmer, 2005).    and so the question arises:  Is it possible for Aunt Edna and her clone to have a shared sense of self?\r\nReferences\r\nBehar, D. (1980).  Familial substrates of depression:  A clinical view.  The Journal of\r\nClinical Psychiatry, 41, 52-56.\r\nDamasio, A. R. (2002).  How the brain creates the mind.  scientific American Special\r\nEdition, 12, 4-9.\r\nHarris, J. R. (1995).  Where i s the child’s environment?  A group socialization theory of\r\ndevelopment.  Psychological Review, 102, 458-490.\r\nHill, S. Y. (1990).  spirit resemblances in relatives of male alcoholics:  A par\r\nwith families of matched control cases.  biological Psychology, 27, 1305-1322.\r\nKagan, J., Resnick, J. S., & Sidman, N. (1988).  Biological bases of childhood shyness.\r\nScience, 240, 167-171.\r\nMyers, D. G. (2006).  Psychology eighth stochastic variable in modules.  innovative York:  Worth.\r\nNeisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. et al. (1999).\r\nIntelligence:  Knowns and Unknowns.  In R. J. Sternberg & R. K. Wagner (Eds.),\r\nReadings in cognitive psychology (pp. 486-532).  Orlando, Fl:  Harcourt.\r\nPiaget, J. (1952/1963).  The origin of intelligence in children.  New York:  Norton.\r\nRushton, J. P. (1989).  Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection.\r\nBeha vioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 503-559.\r\nTesser, A. (1993).  The importance of hereditability in psychological research:  The case\r\nof attitudes.  Psychological Review, 100, 129-142.\r\nWatson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920/2000).  Conditioned emotional reactions.  American\r\nPsychologist, 55, 313-317.\r\nZimmer, C. (2005).  The neurobiology of the self.  Scientific American, 293, 92-101.\r\n'

'Report on Banglalion Wimax Ltd.\r'

'Prospects of Wimax manufacture ontogeny in Savar Area (Banglalion) [pic] September 20, 2011 To, Lecturer, Golam Mohammad Forkan staff of Business presidential term, Eastern University Subject: entrance of Report on â€Å"Prospects of Wimax Industry culture in Savar Area” Sir, With due respect, we hope to state t eyelid, we ar the scholars of Eastern University, of B. B. A. program. We argon supposed to do a key on â€Å"Prospects of Wimax Industry growing in Savar Area”\r\nIn this give out we pro considerable discussed slightly the prospects and possibilities of Wimax industry and Banglalion. Here we in the master(prenominal) discussed node acceptability of these twain. Our Marketing interrogation course t wholly(prenominal)er gives us an boilersuit idea just close to how to write the report, which attention us a lot to argue this report. Without his gracious contri more(prenominal)overions we w take a shitethorn non be able to remainder th is report success fully. openly yours yours, ______________ Md, Fazle Rabbi Jico ID#082200068 On Be half(a) of my group members.\r\nProspects of Wimax Industry Development in Savar Area (Banglalion) Prep ard for: Golam Mohamad Forkan subordinate Professor Faculty of Business Administration Eastern University Prep ard by: MD. Fazle Rabbi Jico ID: 082200068 MD Afzal Hossain ID: 082200026 Shakir Mafsur ID: 082200121 Basir Uddin Amit ID: 082200127 Section: 02 Eastern University 20th September, 2011 accede of content |Particulars |Page No. |letter of transmittal |2 | |Executive compend | 5-6 | | world | 7-18 | |Background | 19-21 | |Objective of the report | 22 | |Methodology |22 | | telescope and Limitation of the report |22 | | familiarity Overview | 23-25 | | proves And Discussions | 26-29 | |Findings | 30 | |passport and Conclusion | 31 |Reference | | |Appendix | 32-43 | |Bibliography | | Executive sum-up Success of mental strain of lineage depends on several(prenom inal) factors and wise terminations; so far Banglalion wimax a telegraphless remunerationwork connectivity succeedr has been conducting its handicraft quite successfully having great answer in Bangladesh. As a confederacy it has got bountiful fund and sponsors to invest tons to capture merchandise sh ar of cyberspace spendr.\r\nAccording to supplicate it has stipulation its response towards it gradu whollyy and k at one(a) metering the deal doing day-and-night research and promotion. net receipts stimulate home the baconrs stand Bangladesh, Sirius wideband, Access telecom ltd, Bangladesh online ltd, Bijoy ISP in Bangladesh, Agni administration ltd, capital of Bangladeshcom ltd, Neksus, Isn, be wideband ser criminality tinrs. broadband connection yields mainly post gainful function and due to weather opine it get discommitted and during rainy anneal its quality go down for any the ratifiers, and as its non portable. Emergence of modem got re e very(prenominal)y high acceptance and Banglalion wimax woofed the blank space very smartly cosmos sincere virtually its investment, very high demand is existing in rough clarified metropolis and oppositewise component parts all everywhere the country.\r\nThis research leave alone verify how be come alonging would be the investment of lucre addment in Savar. A fraternity should never weigh decision in ambiguity, Savar, matchless of the beta upazila contains potential market though it could be said by assumption, beca custom send-off play along should survive be they ready to accept the religious go. Earlier some atomic number 18as get to showed potential market entirely didn’t give tyrannical response beca intention of competitors, local broadband reservers was in a untouchable position. Before investing it should be run aground that how the competitors be operating, is the market ready to assemble? if they, then how long get out it take? do education and demographic learning seem positive or ot ,occupation and ready reckoner drug substance ab functionrs number and all new(prenominal) in instituteation and their allowingness to accept the service is matter to verify. Savar seem to be a potential field of operations as its demography and surround is positive. galore(postnominal) teaching’s to the highest degree Savar †The main occupations be Agriculture 24. 34%, pastoral diddley 12. 84%, wage labourer 4. 44%, cattle breeding, forestry and fishing 1. 90%, industry 1. 37%, commerce 17. 35%, service 20. 68%, construction 1. 66%, transport 3. 96% and early(a)s 11. 46%. there ar some separate clanical institutions in Savar. The 9th Division Army coterie is set(p) here. in that respect is a forces debauched and Govt Dairy Firm beside Jahangirnagar University.\r\nBPATC k flatledge centre of attention (Public Administration fosterage Centre), the whole readiness centre for the pu blic service outfit officers in Bangladesh, is manoeuvred in Savar. radiocommunication Bangladesh (Bangladesh Betar) employers Residence and The Transmission zona with ample Transmission Setup. (HPT-1; high indicator transmittal, HPT-2 and so forth ). Two Largest entertainment basis set of Bangladesh namely â€Å" thaumaturgy state” and â€Å"Nondon ballpark” atomic number 18 excessively set here. Fantasy is placed in Jamgora bazar and Nondon Park is situated in Jirani. BKSP, Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan, the yet national sports institute of Bangladesh is similarly situated in Jirani fair, Savar. capital of Bangladesh export bear upon Zone, DEPZ is in addition situated in this upazila.\r\n there argon 2 universities, 5 colleges, 5 school and colleges, 38 high schools, 3 junior high schools, 16 madrasas, 88 government immemorial schools, 13 non-government uncreated schools, 12 community schools, 8 broadcast schools, and 1 sports institutio n. approximately of the noneworthy institutions atomic number 18 Adhar Chandra High initiate (established in 1913), Jahangirnagar University (along with its school and College), Gana Bishwabiddalay, Bangladesh Public Administration dressing Centre, Bangladesh Krira Shikha Institution, nuclear Energy Research Establishment, Satellite demonstrate Receiving Station (Talibabad), guinea pig Institute of Bio technology, Bangladesh fund Research Institute, Savar Youth Training Centre, Brac Training Centre.\r\n all in all the macro purlieual factors take that there is a positive environment in savar and these institutions and industries lot give thousands of users, now it is needed to attend out that demand among possible market is high or low, their allow foringness to purchase and shitmark loyalty of them, how a tidy deal they be influenced by promotional activities of Banglalion so far, competitors position by conducting research hence the research is mustiness to get to know that. The study proved that Banglalion and wimax industry has potentials in Savar and internet expansion should be interpreted into account to capture the large market. Introduction WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802. 16 family of receiving set-nedeucerks shopworns ratified by the WiMAX forum. Similarly, Wi-Fi, refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802. 11 radio chat local domain ne 2rk standards conscious by the Wi-Fi Alliance.\r\nWiMAX Forum hallmark allows vendors to sell fixed or ready produces as WiMAX certified, so ensuring a train of interoperability with different certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. The true IEEE 802. 16 standard (now called â€Å"Fixed WiMAX”) was published in 2001. WiMAX adopted some of its technology from WiBro, a service marketed in Korea. [4] active WiMAX (originally junior-graded on 802. 16e-2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries, and basis of future revisions much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as 802. 16m-2011. WiMAX is sometimes referred to as â€Å"Wi-Fi on steroids”[5] and hobo be use for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etcetera It is similar to Wi-Fi unless it kindle also permit habit at much greater distances. [6] Uses\r\nThe bandwidth and stove of WiMAX make it worthy for the following potential applications: • Providing portable prompt broadband connectivity across cities and countries by means of with(predicate) a categorization of thingamajigs. • Providing a melodic phraser alternating(a) to blood line and digital lecturer line (DSL) for â€Å" destruction mile” broadband irritate. • Providing information, tele converses (VoIP) and IPTV work (triple play). • Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business pertina urban center plan. Internet feeler WiMAX digest provide at-home or quick Internet gravel across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically merely had attack by dint of an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) floozy.\r\nAdditionally, given the relatively low represents associated with the deployment of a WiMAX nedeucerk (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet vex in remote locations. Backhaul Mobile WiMAX was a substitute nominee for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or burn down be use as an overlay to sum up cogency. Fixed WiMAX is also considered as a tuner backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G ne iirks in some(prenominal) developed and exploitation nations. [7][8] In trade union America, backhaul for urban operations is typically provided via one or more blur wire line connections, whereas remote cellular operations atomic number 18 sometimes bac khauled via study planet.\r\nIn other offices, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave oven cogitate. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready ingress to the copper network. ) WiMAX has more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications. Consequently the use of receiving set microwave backhaul is on the rise in pairing America and existing microwave backhaul links in all contri saveions atomic number 18 universe upgraded. [9] Capacities of in the midst of 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s [10] be routinely beingness deployed with latencies in the order of 1 M. S. In many cases, operators argon aggregating sites employ wireless technology and then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient. Triple-play\r\nWiMAX supports the technologies that make triple-play service offerings possible (such as Quality of assistant and Multicasting). On May 7, 2008 in the United State s, flair Nextel, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120  megacycle of spectrum and merged with Clear wire to market the service. The impudent company hopes to benefit from combined operate offerings and network resources as a jumping-off place past its competitors. The cable companies will provide media services to other partners dapple gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual network operator to provide triple-play services. Some analysts questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixed- diligent onvergence has been a know factor in the industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless and cable companies work loosely failed to lead to significant benefits to the participants. new(prenominal) analysts topographic point out that as wireless progresses to higher(prenominal)(prenominal) bandwidth; it inevitably competes more unionizely with cable and DSL, inspiring competitors into c ollaboration. in addition, as wireless broadband networks grow denser and routine habits shift, the need for change magnitude backhaul and media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase. Deployment • WiMAX access was apply to serve with communications in Aceh, Inthroughsia, after the tsunami in December 2004.\r\nAll communication infrastructures in the bailiwick, other than novice piano tuner, was destroyed, making the survivors unable to communicate with throng external the disaster atomic number 18a and vice versa. WiMAX provided broadband access that helped regenerate communication to and from Aceh. • WiMAX hardw atomic number 18 was donated by Intel skunk to assist the Federal communications Commission (FCC) and FEMA in their communications efforts in the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina. [11] In practice, volunteers used mainly ego-healing mesh, vowelize over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and a orbiter uplink combined with Wi-Fi on the local link. Connecting [pic] A WiMAX USB modem for runny internet\r\nDevices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network are cognise as the â€Å" indorser unit” (SU). portable units allow in handsets (similar to cellular smart phones); PC peripherals (PC Cards or USB dongles); and embedded devices in laptops, which are now forthcoming for Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasis by operators on consumer electronics devices such as clear rein consoles, MP3 p horizontal surfaces and similar devices. WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi than to other 3G cellular technologies. The WiMAX Forum website provides a listing of certified devices. However, this is not a end up list of devices on tap(predicate) as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs (Mobile Internet devices), and other private labeled devices. Gateways\r\nWiMAX gateway devices are available as both interior and outdoor versions from several manuf acturers. Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as Alvarion, Airspan, ZyXEL, Huawei, Motorola, and kelvin Packet are stand-alone self-install indoor(prenominal)(a) units. Such devices typically sit secure the customers window with the scoop out betoken, and provide: • An coordinated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet connectivity to four-fold devices throughout the home or business. • Ethernet ports to connect directly to a estimator or DVR instead. • One or two analog telephone jacks to connect a land-line phone and take emolument of VoIP.\r\nIndoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean that the contributor may need to be significantly impendent to the WiMAX groundwork office than with professionally-installed external units. outdoorsy units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their adroitness is comparable to the installation of a residential satellite dish. A higher-gain directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increase range and through regurgitate but with the overt loss of practical mobility of the unit. outside modems [pic] External USB modem by Yota marketing in Russia, 2010 USB can provide connectivity to a WiMAX network through what is called a dongle. Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or net book computer.\r\nDongles typically score omni directional antennae which are of cut down-gain compared to other devices; as such these devices are best used in areas of good insurance insurance reportage. Mobile phones HTC announced the offshoot WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G, on November 12, 2008. The device was only(prenominal) available to certain markets in Russia on the Yota network. HTC and sprint Nextel released the due south WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the EVO 4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device, made available on June 4, 2010, is commensurate of both EV-DO(3G) and WiMAX(4G) as so und as simultaneous selective information & voice sessions. A number of WiMAX Mobiles are expected to hit the US market in 2011. skillful nformation |[pic] |It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into IEEE 802. 16 . (Discuss Proposed since August 2011. | The IEEE 802. 16 Standard WiMAX is swinishd upon IEEE Std 802. 16e-2005, authorize in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE STD 802. 16-2004and so the actual standard is 802. 16-2004 as amend by 802. 16e-2005. Thus, these particular propositionations need to be considered together. IEEE 802. 16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802. 16-2004 by: • Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between groundwork localises). This is seen as one of the most principal(prenominal) aspects of 802. 16e-2005, and is the very basis of Mobile WiMAX. scaling of the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the maneuver bandwidth in order to keep the immune carrier lay constant across varied epithelial duct bandwidths (typically 1. 25  megacycle per second, 5 megahertz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz). Constant carrier set results in higher spectrum skill in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. Also known as Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1. 25 MHz are define in the standard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier add up are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, other absolute frequency bands will not render barely the same carrier spacing, which might not be optimal for implementations. Carrier spacing is 10. 94 kHz. • Advanced antenna mixture schemes, and hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ) • Adaptive communicate aerial musical arrangements (AAS) and MIMO technology Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration • Introducing Turbo Coding and Low-Density affinity Check (LDPC) • Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade reportage for capacity or vice versa à ¢â‚¬Â¢ Adding an extra Quos class for VoIP applications. SOFDMA (used in 802. 16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802. 16d) are not congenial thus equipment will hit to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard (e. g. , Fixed WiMAX to Mobile WiMAX). Physical layer The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is thaw-based (IEEE 802. 16) specified a somatogenetic layer operating in the 10 to 66 gigahertz range. 802. 16a, updated in 2004 to 802. 16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802. 16-2004 was updated by 802. 6e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable fresh frequency- theatrical role multiple access (SOFDMA) as opposed to the fixed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802. 16d. More advanced versions, including 802. 16e, also bring multiple antenna support through MIMO (See WiMAX MIMO). This brings potential benefits in terms of insurance coverage, self installation, power co nsumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth efficiency. WiMax is the most energy-efficient pre-4G proficiency among LTE and HSPA+. MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL, mackintosh (data link) layer The WiMAX mack uses a scheduling algorithmic rule for which the subscriber grade needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network. afterwards network entry is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access slot by the base station.\r\nThe time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable downstairs overload and over-subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control Quality of service (Quos) parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber station. Deployment As a standard mean to satisfy needs of next-generation data networks (4G), W iMAX is sumptuous by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is elect to be more apparitionally efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA sign).\r\nThat is, when the bursts sire a high signal authority and a high carrier to stochasticity plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using digital signal bear upon (DSP). In contrast, operating in less fountainhead-to-do environments for RF communication, the system automatically locomote down to a more big-chested mode (burst profile) which means a couple of(prenominal)er bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the proceeds that power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accurate signal trespass can be performed. Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and the base station is determined largely by distance.\r\nMaximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst shot; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame tryst trade-off requiring more symbols (a larger function of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client were imminent to the base station. The clients MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as intumesce as the specific time allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practical deployment should lift high interference and multipath environments. The reason for which is simply that too much interference causes the network to function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network.\r\nThe system is composite to deploy as it is necessary to traverse not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth. ) This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or l ost frames. As a result the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality. The Asia-Pacific region has surpassed the North American region in terms of 4G broadband wireless subscribers. in that respect were almost 1. 7 trillion pre-WIMAX and WIMAX customers in Asia †29% of the overall market †compared to 1. 4 million in the the States and Canada. [19] Spectrum allocation\r\n there is no logical global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, however the WiMAX Forum has published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2. 3 GHz, 2. 5 GHz and 3. 5 GHz, in an effort to drive standardization and settle cost. In the USA, the biggest segment available is around 2. 5 GHz,[21] and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clear wire. Elsewhere in the world, the most-likely bands used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2. 3 GHz probably being mos t important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2. 5 GHz, 3. 3 GHz and other frequencies. Pakistans Wateen Telecom uses 3. 5 GHz. Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may kick the bucket available for WiMAX usage, but await the complete roll out of digital TV, nd there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum. In the USA the FCC sell for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon wireless and the next biggest to AT. [22] Both of these companies consume say their intention of supporting LTE, a technology which competes directly with WiMAX. EU commissioner Viviane Reding has suggested re-allocation of 500â€800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX. [23] WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have inter-operating products. The current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD and FDD profiles.\r\nAt this p oint, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3. 5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile profiles are 5 MHz, 8. 75 MHz and 10 MHz. (Note: the 802. 16 standard allows a far wider sort of channels, but only the higher up subsets are supported as WiMAX profiles. ) Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International telecom articulation (ITU-R) has decided to involve WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards. This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2. 5-2. 69 GHz band at this stage) to use WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000. Spectral efficiency\r\nOne of the significant advantages of advanced wireless systems such as WiMAX is spectral efficiency. For example, 802. 16-2004 (fixed) has a spectral efficiency of 3. 7 (bit/s)/Hertz, and other 3. 5â€4G wireless systems offer spectral efficiencies that are similar to inwardly a few tenths of a share. The notable advantage of WiMAX comes from combining SOFDMA with smart antenna technologies. This multiplies the trenchant spectral efficiency through multiple reuse and smart network deployment topologies. The direct use of frequency domain ecesis simplifies designs using MIMO-AAS compared to CDMA/WCDMA methods, resulting in more utilitarian systems.\r\nInherent Limitations WiMAX cannot deliver 70 Mbit/s over 50 kilometers (31 miles). Like all wireless technologies, WiMAX can operate at higher bitrates or over eternal distances but not both. Operating at the maximum range of 50 km (31 miles) increases bit error rate and thus results in a much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the range (to at a lower place 1 km) allows a device to operate at higher bitrates. A city-wide deployment of WiMAX in Perth, Australia exhibit that customers at the cell-edge with an indoor Customer-premises equipment(CPE) typically find oneself speeds of around 1â€4 Mbit/s, with users clo ser to the cell tower obtaining speeds of up to 30 Mbit/s.\r\nLike all wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so military operation could deteriorate in the case of many active users in a angiotensin converting enzyme sector. However, with adequate capacity planning and the use of WiMAXs Quality of Service, a minimum guaranteed throughput for each subscriber can be put in place. In practice, most users will have a range of 4-8 Mbit/s services and additional radio post-horses will be added to the base station to increase the number of users that may be served as required. Silicon implementations [pic] Picture of a WiMAX MIMO board A number of specialized companies produced baseband ICs and integrated RFICs for WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2. 3, 2. 5 and 3.  GHz band (refer to ‘Spectrum allocation above). These companies admit but not limited to Beceem, Sequans and PicoChip. Intel Corporation is a leader in promo ting WiMAX, but has limited its WiMAX chipset development and instead chosen to invest in these specialized companies producing te compatible with the various WiMAX deployments throughout the globe. equivalence Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are snitch because both are cerebrate to wireless connectivity and Internet access. • WiMAX is a long range system, blanket many kilometres, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet. Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a local network. • Wi-Fi is more popular in end user devices. • Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Controls CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and dispute based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection-oriented MAC. • WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different quality of service (Quos) mechanisms: o WiMAX uses a Quos mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device. to each one connectio n is based on specific scheduling algorithms. o Wi-Fi uses contention access †all subscriber stations that invite to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the APs attention on a hit-or-miss interrupt basis.\r\nThis can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput. • Both 802. 11 (which includes Wi-Fi) and 802. 16 (which includes WiMAX) define Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and ad hoc networks, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another topical anesthetic Area interlocking (LAN) using its access point or base station. However, 802. 11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while 802. 16 end user devices must be in range of the base station. Although Wi-Fi and WiMAX are designed for different situations, they are complementary.\r\nWiMAX network operators typically provide a WiMAX Subscriber Unit which connects to the metropolitan WiMAX network and provides Wi-Fi within the home or business for local devices (e. g. , Laptops, Wi-Fi Handsets, smart phones) for connectivity. This enables the user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area (such as a window), and understood be able to use the WiMAX network from any place within their residence. Background Seven major division is chthonic coverage of Banglalion ut not fully,Savar has been believed as one of the major region . now information and possibilities of svar are subject to look at here earlier taking any major decision by Banglalion.\r\nSavar has 13 Unions/Wards, 350 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 321 villages. The municipal area (Savar Town) consists of 9 wards and 55 mahallas. The area of the townsfolk is 24. 1 km?. It has a community of 124885; male 53. 03%, female 46. 97%; creation density per km? of 5182. Savar thana was established in 1912 and was turned into an upazila in 1983. Agriculture and manufacturing are the two major economic sectors in Savar. The main crops grown here are Paddy, Jute, peanut, onion, garlic, chilli and other vegetables. The extinct or nearly extinct crops in the region are Aus paddy, Asha Kumari paddy, sesame, linseed, kali mator, randhuni saj, mitha saj, kaun and mas kalai.\r\nThe main fruits urbane here are Jackfruit, mango, olive, pa softena, guava, kamranga, berry and banana. on that point are 181 combined fisheries, dairies and poultries Dairy, 5 hatcheries, 209 poultries, and 1319 fisheries. Manufacturing facilities include Ceramic industry, beverage industry, press and publication, garments industry, tail ware, jute mills, textile mills, printing and dying factory, transformer industry, railway car industry, biscuit and bread factory, pharmaceutical industry, guck factory, brick field, cold storage, welding, plant nursery, etc. Bangladesh Export Processing Zone is located in this upazila. The Cottage industry includes 8 Weaving, cytosine goldsmith and 29 others workshops.\r\nThe main exports are Jackfruit, pa feea, flower, sapling, dairy products, meat, transformer, fabrics, dye, medicine, readymade garments, electronics and electric goods, shoe, brick, sweetmeat etc. there are 62 km of pucca, 56 km of semi pucca, 562 km of bumble road; and 50 km of highway. Transports used here include the traditional (and extinct or nearly extinct) Palanquin, bullock tangle and horse carriage as well as modern day vehicles. there are 14 regular Hats and bazars here. note bazars are Savar, Nabinagar, Amin Bazar, Balibhadra and Bagbari Bazar. Noted hats include Ashulia, Savar, Shimulia, Kathgara, Sadullapur, Nayar hat (with adjoined bazar), and Vhakurar Hat. Prominent fairs include Darogali Bayati Mela (Nayarhat), Bahattar Prahar mela (Savar), Ghora Pirer Mela (Nalam), Muharram Mela (Katlapur) and Pawsh Mela (Dhamsona).\r\nSeveral Hindi families played a critical role in the development of the township dur ing the British Raj in the 19th and startle half of the 20th century. After partition of India in 1947, the Hindu influence in the area waned following the departure of many bighearted Hindu families. The 1960s saw the makeup of some important institutions, including a dairy farm and a University in the area. Con before long, commie politics was on the rise in the area. However, this was replaced with Bengali nationalist zeal, when the Awami group banter won the 1970 election in this constituency. In 1975, Savar came to the blaze when the Maoist leader Shiraj Shikdar was secretly rack and executed at Savar cantonment.\r\nSavar was politically important to the military dictators of the mid-1970s and 80s, as the cantonment stock-taking here was the closest one outside the capital. From the 1990s to mid-2000s, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate has been routinely elected to parliament from this constituency. However, Awami League and other parties; Communist Party of B angladesh, Bangladesher Samajtantrik Dal, Workers Party(Menon), National Awami Party, Sammobady Dal (including several Islamist ones) continue to have grassroots presence. The general election at the end of 2008 saw an Awami League candidate elected to parliament from this constituency. Jahangirnagar University and a few colleges in the area serve as a hotbed of active student politics and strife.\r\nForeign dignitaries customarily visit Savar as a part of their trip to Bangladesh to pay respect to the martyrs of 1971 a Savar is the home of Jahangirnagar University, a Public University of Bangladesh and only University for full student residence facilities which is famous for its scenic violator and as a prime finis for the Siberian migratory birds during winter. There are many other important institutions in Savar. The 9th Division Army Cantonment is located here. There is a Military Firm and Govt Dairy Firm Beside Jahangirnagar University. BPATC training center (Public Administr ation Training Centre), the only training centre for the public service commissioned officers in Bangladesh, is situated in Savar. Radio Bangladesh (Bangladesh Betar) employers Residence and The Transmission Zone with huge Transmission Setup. HPT-1; high power transmission, HPT-2 etc. ). Two Largest entertainment theme parks of Bangladesh namely â€Å"Fantasy Kingdom” and â€Å"Nondon Park” are also located here. Fantasy Kingdom is situated in Jamgora Bazar and Nondon Park is situated in Jirani. BKSP, Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan, the only national sports institute of Bangladesh is also situated in Jirani Bazar, Savar. capital of Bangladesh Export processing Zone, DEPZ is also situated in this upazila. There are 318 Mosques, 8 churches and 68 other religious institutions, most noted of which are Jahangirnagar University and Savar Dairy Farm Mosques, Savar Baptist Church, Savar Daskinpara Harir Akhra Temple and Panchabati Ashram Temple.\r\nThere are 2 universitie s, 5 colleges, 5 school and colleges, 38 high schools, 3 junior high schools, 16 madrasas, 88 government primary schools, 13 non-government primary schools, 12 community schools, 8 satellite schools, and 1 sports institution. Some of the noteworthy institutions are Adhar Chandra High School (established in 1913), Jahangirnagar University (along with its School and College), Gana Bishwabiddalay, Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre, Bangladesh Krira Shikha Institution, atomic Energy Research Establishment, Satellite principle Receiving Station (Talibabad), National Institute of Biotechnology, Bangladesh descent Research Institute, Savar Youth Training Centre, Brac Training Centre. The locally published newspapers and periodicals are Jagrata Kantha, Savar Barta, Saf Katha, Savar Kantha and Ganabhasa.\r\nThe formally registered cultural and social organizations here include 81 Co-operative societies, 1 childrens organization, 3 hire societies, 5 cinema halls, 5 theatre groups, 1 theatre stage, 3 symphony centre, 5 orphanages, 1 opera company (an indigenous travelling theater troop), 3 womens club, 1 chapter of Bangladesh Mohila Parishad, 2 Amnesty organizations, 1 golf club, 2 entertainment parks. There are numerous other wildcat organizations as well. The operationally important NGOs are brac, asa, proshika, grameen bank, Ganasastha Kendra, World Vision, Swanirvor Bangladesh, VERC, Palli Mangal Karmasuchi, CDD, Adesh, Mother Vision familiarity of Bangladesh (AID FOR EYE DISABLE) etc. The health centers in Savar include 1 Upazila health complex, a combined military hospital (Savar Cantonment), the Korea Bangladesh intimacy Hospital, 7 family planning centers, 2 satellite clinics, and 21 private clinics.\r\nObjectives Broad clinical • To find out the prospects of wimax industry and Banglalion in Savar. Specific objective • To know astir(predicate) product cerebrate prospects of Wimax and Banglalion • To know about price rel ated prospects of Wimax and Banglalion • To know about Distribution related prospects of Wimax and Banglalion • To know about promotion related prospects of Wimax and Banglalion Scope and limitations We could have conduct vast survey if we had enough members and other supports. If we could have a voice of Banglalion communication would be easier with sample as they could have all their answers Limitations we faced are Time constraint • Insufficient research lab facilities • Restrictions when entering several offices • Lack of cooperativeness by the authority Methodology The data is collected from primary and secondary source. To find out the primary data we have done a survey in savar and also made an informal converse with some local passel. We also had to use the Secondary source for company profile. We visited their website and some other websites for relevant information. And to analyze we used SPSS 12 for statistical analysis. Company overview Banglalion Communications Ltd is a private limited company incorporated in Bangladesh on 5 Nov 2008 under the Companies Act, 1994.\r\nThe company obtained license from Bangladesh Telecommunication regulative Commission (BTRC) to operate wideband Wireless Access (BWA) services countrywide using WiMAX technology in 18 November 2008. Augere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh Ltd yesterday open uped the much-waited wireless broadband service through WiMax in some designated areas in capital of Bangladesh. Augere, one of the two WiMax licensees, is the first company in Bangladesh to launch such service under the leaf blade name ‘Banglalion. Augere is initially offering two packages. Customer will have to pay Tk 3,400 a month for the Banglalion 512 kbps package. The monthly fight for the Qubee 1 Mb has been fixed at Tk 6,200, while the modem price for both the packages is Tk 7,000.\r\nInitially, the service was available for businesses and residential customers in Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara, Mirpur and Uttara. Service will be available across Bangladesh soon. WiMax is a technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. The technology supports meridian download rates of up to 46 Mbps and peak uplink rates of up to 14 Mbps. Jerry Mobbs, chief executive officer of Augere Bangladesh, Russell T Ahmed, chief marketing officer, were present at the launching ceremony. Augere also unveiled a Flagship Store at Gulshan to provide 24-hour customer services.\r\nThree bidders — BanglaLion Communication, BRAC BD Mail Network Ltd and Augere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh Ltd — won the WiMax licences through an auction organised by the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) in September last year. However, BRAC later refused to take the licence. UK-based Augere Holdings owns 60 percent of Augere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh L td along with two local companies. Teleport Bangladesh owns 30 percent and Aamra Resources Ltd owns the remaining 10 percent. Banglalion provides broadband internet services to residential and commercial users in Bangladesh using WiMAX technology. We understand, that consumer and businesses in Bangladesh need and wishing faster, accessible, and affordable broadband internet service and we are working hard to meet that.\r\nWe are a new company with Integrity, Dynamism, Commitment and Innovation who continuously developing our infrastructure starting in Dhaka and some major cities, thus transport the whole country under coverage. Banglalion currently covers 8 divisional cities Dhaka, Narayanganj, Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Khulna, Rangpur & Barisal with hopes of cover all the major areas of Dhaka city by the end of 2010, entire Dhaka city by second thread of 2011, and the entire country by the second dirt of 2013. Banglalion has already made a presence in Chittagong by c overing some major areas in the city with about 14 BTS. Meantime, network rollout in other major cities such as: Munshiganj, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Comilla, Noakhali, Laxmipur, Satkhira, Bogra, and Coxs Bazar are about to begin.\r\nThese cities and peripheries are expected to be under the coverage of BanglaLion by the end of 2nd trace 2012; BanglaLion plans to bring most of the areas of the country under its seamless coverage. As part of the coverage plan, BanglaLion has already installed & commissioned 35 BTSs. With these 35 BTSs, BanglaLion plans to cover the key areas of Dhaka by end of December 2009. By the world-class prat of 2010, BanglaLion plans to bring the whole Dhaka city and it’s wider periphery under coverage by installing three hundred BTSs. Meantime, network rollout in other major cities such as; Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal are about to begin. These cities and peripheries are xpected to be under the coverage of BanglaLion coverage by th e 3rd quarter of 2010 and by the end of 2nd quarter 2011, BanglaLion plans to bring most of the areas of the country under its seamless coverage Right now you can find our partial coverage in the following locations in Dhaka City: Motijheel ,Chankherpul, Nakhal Para, Banani,Uttara,Mohakhali, Shyamoli,Mouchak,Central Road ,Dhanmondi,Gulshan Lalmatia Mohammadpur Badda TikatoliMugda Para/Bashab,Nikunja,Kochukhet,Baridhara (DOHS),Rampura/Banasree Result and Discussion Product related discussion Statistics | |Wimax Industry | |. 031 |4 | Reliability scrutiny means how reliable the responses are but here value of alpha should have been around . or more but still it is positive and after deleting two negative value we found that the responses are not that reliable but we can be positive about the responses. price related statistics Statistics | |Prepaid Charges|prepaid Charges|Charges of |B. p worth the | accessibility | | | | |broadband providers|charges | | |N | reasonable | speed of light | ascorbic acid | degree centigrade | degree centigrade | |Median |4. 00 |4. 00 |2. 00 |2. 00 |5. 0 | | system |5 |5 |2 |2 |5 | The table indicate that prepaid charges are reasonable and as well as postpaid charges,but charges of broadband providers could not satisfy the subscribers as thir response more often than not said they dis go over and on avegare they are disagre and median is once more dis arrest. expenditure related Reliability statistics |Cronbachs important |N of Items | |. 276 |4 | Here after removing one negative value we can be positive that the answers are reliable although value of alpha is below standard. Distribution related Statistics | handiness | burden payment |Customer grapple | |N | sound | light speed | deoxycytidine monophosphate | light speed | | | lacking(p) |4 |4 |4 | |Mean |4. 48 |4. 21 |3. 70 | |Median |5. 00 |4. 00 |4. 00 | | flair |5 |4 |3 | Maximum peck score that they insufficiency nick card of prepaid Banglalion available in mobile and telecoms shop and they strongly adjudged in the main and on average they are agreed or strongly agreed They wishing to pay bills from local telecom shops as rear response was between the ranges of agree and strongly agree.\r\nAlong with online customer do by service people want customer business centre, but many stayed achromatic in this regard perhaps they want the service to get experienced first then they will may ring about customer premeditation. Reliability statistics |Cronbachs Alpha |N of Items | |. 147 |3 | Again we can be positive about the respondents as we got a positive value of cronbachs alpha and it would have been better if it would show . 5 or above but still we will be positive. promotion related statistics | | script of mouth | |. 111 |4 | Promotion related responses are positive again and though . 5 or above value is still missing but we can be positive about the responses. Findings People of Savar will gladly encounter wimax industry as they have lots of institutes and business and education is rich in number according to census board. • local anesthetic broadband providers could not provide good enough service as they do not take prompt performance when they get any complaints and that do not give connection during weather hap and even in case of soggy rainfall • Surprises motivate customers but broadband providers do not provide that and the business is based on dealership so there is no formal system is followed • Promotion of banglalion made good impact on them they heard through name of mouth and they and they are pleased with media motion-picture show that indicates no promotional dodge will be needed to follow especially for savar. Social network and online income is the craze among the youth and Banglalion targeted that while promotion their product. • Banglalion gives surprises and free usage and that is not provided by broadband providers and free usage is demanded by the customers t hat means no other treatment would be needed. • Banglalion distributes scratch cards in local telecommunication shops to make it available again people of Savar want these this way • As all the information’s showed positive responses and all the strategy followed by Banglalion matched there are lots of possibilities in Savar • Demographic information shows positive result too • hardship of broadband providers is creating a chance to grab a huge market. Conclusion and Recommendation\r\nBanglaion has all they need to expand their service and the people of savar and its infrastructure development are favorable too. Banglalion should not change its promotional and distributional strategies as they would need time and fund for that but they should design plans for savar. Savar is such an area where tower for network coverage for wimax service has not been established yet. So Banglalion should be the pioneer is Savar before competitors fill the gap. Banglal ion’s marketing strategy has worked well in Savar as they know the brand as a well-known one. Its invent of mouth has reached to a large market so it should continue with its service consistently.\r\nPrice has been important factor for choosing a brand over competitor as Banglalion provides many packages customer can fine tune their choices and price should not be increased and it should continue its strategy of giving free usage Distribution system and strategy has got positive response and local telecommunication shops have been proved as useful tool. Customer did not emphasize on customer care centre so that indicate establishment of network could be started first. Later on customer care may be established. Appendix Statistics | |Wimax Industry |Preferences |Staying Home |Online Income | | well-grounded | combine |47 |45. 2 |47. 0 |47. 0 | | |powerfully agree |53 |51. 0 |53. 0 | light speed. | | | occur |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | | abstracted | dodge |4 |3. 8 | | | | organic |104 |100. 0 | | | Preferences | | frequence | portion | logical portion | additive share | | legitimate | deaf(p) |17 |16. 3 |17. 0 |17. 0 | | | moderate |40 |38. 5 |40. 0 |57. | | |powerfully agree |43 |41. 3 |43. 0 |100. 0 | | | thorough |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | | abstracted | dodging |4 |3. 8 | | | | impart |104 |100. 0 | | | Online Income | | absolute frequency | percent | logical part | cumulative per centum | | reasoned | take issue |12 |11. 5 |12. |12. 0 | | |achromatic |20 |19. 2 |20. 0 |32. 0 | | | equalise |34 |32. 7 |34. 0 |66. 0 | | |powerfully agree |34 |32. 7 |34. 0 |100. 0 | | | list |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | | missing | body |4 |3. 8 | | | | match |104 |100. | | | Social Network | |Frequency | portion | logical part |Cumulative pct | |Valid | immaterial |14 |13. 5 |14. 0 |14. 0 | | | suss out |46 |44. 2 |46. 0 |60. 0 | | | potently agree |40 |38. 5 |40. 0 |100. 0 | | | arrive |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | | missing | ashes |4 |3. | | | | perfect |104 |100. 0 | | | Down load | |Frequency | part |Valid per centum |Cumulative percentage | |Valid |achromatic |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Agree |49 |47. 1 |49. 0 |50. 0 | | |Strongly agree |50 |48. 1 |50. 0 |100. 0 | | | get |100 |96. 2 |100. | | | lacking(p) |System |4 |3. 8 | | | | get along |104 |100. 0 | | | Statistics | |Prepaid Charges|Postpaid Charges|Charges of |B. p worth the |Availability | | | | |broadband providers|charges | | |N |Valid |100 |100 |100 |100 | |Median |4. 00 |4. 00 |2. 00 |2. 00 |5. 0 | | sense modality |5 |5 |2 |2 |5 | Prepaid Charges | |Frequency | percent |Valid share |Cumulative percentage | |Valid | discord |8 |7. 7 |8. 0 |8. 0 | | |Neutral |20 |19. 2 |20. 0 |28. 0 | | |Agree |29 |27. 9 |29. 0 |57. 0 | | |Strongly agree |43 |41. 3 |43. |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Postpaid Charges | |Frequency | share |Valid share |Cumulative per centum | |Valid | take issue |9 |8. 7 |9. 0 |9. 0 | | |Neutral |22 |2 1. |22. 0 |31. 0 | | |Agree |33 |31. 7 |33. 0 |64. 0 | | |Strongly agree |36 |34. 6 |36. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Charges of broadband providers |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly differ |24 |23. 1 |24. 0 |24. 0 | | | dissent |42 |40. 4 |42. 0 |66. 0 | | |Neutral |21 |20. 2 |21. 0 |87. 0 | | |Agree |6 |5. 8 |6. 0 |93. 0 | | |Strongly agree |7 |6. 7 |7. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | BP worth the charges | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |26 |25. 0 |26. 0 |26. 0 | | |Disagree |48 |46. 2 |48. 0 |74. 0 | | |Neutral |16 |15. |16. 0 |90. 0 | | |Agree |5 |4. 8 |5. 0 |95. 0 | | |Strongly agree |5 |4. 8 |5. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Availability |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Disagree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Neutral |4 |3. 8 |4. 0 |5. 0 | | |Agree |41 |39. 4 |41. 0 |46. 0 | | |Strongly agree |54 |51. 9 |54. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Statistics | |Availability |Bill payment |Customer care | |N |Valid |100 |100 |100 | | |Missing |4 |4 |4 | |Mean |4. 48 |4. 21 |3. 70 | |Median |5. 00 |4. 00 |4. 0 | |Mode |5 |4 |3 | Bill payment | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Disagree |5 |4. 8 |5. 0 |6. 0 | | |Neutral |8 |7. 7 |8. 0 |14. 0 | | |Agree |44 |42. 3 |44. 0 |58. | | |Strongly agree |42 |40. 4 |42. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Customer care | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Disagree |11 |10. 6 |11. 0 |11. | | |Neutral |37 |35. 6 |37. 0 |48. 0 | | |Agree |23 |22. 1 |23. 0 |71. 0 | | |Strongly agree |29 |27. 9 |29. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Statistics |word of mouth |Media Exposure |Free usage |Weather Hazard | |Valid |Agree |42 |40. 4 |42. 0 |42. 0 | | |Strongly agree |58 |55. 8 |58. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Media Exposure |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Disagree |8 |7. 7 |8. 0 |9. 0 | | |Neutral |12 |11. 5 |12. 0 |21. 0 | | |Agree |34 |32. 7 |34. 0 |55. 0 | | |Strongly agree |45 |43. 3 |45. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Free usage | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |1. 0 | | |Disagree |5 |4. 8 |5. 0 |6. 0 | | |Neutral |7 |6. |7. 0 |13. 0 | | |Agree |35 |33. 7 |35. 0 |48. 0 | | |Strongly agree | 52 |50. 0 |52. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Weather Hazard |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |40 |38. 5 |40. 0 |40. 0 | | |Disagree |48 |46. 2 |48. 0 |88. 0 | | |Neutral |10 |9. 6 |10. 0 |98. 0 | | |Agree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |99. 0 | | |Strongly agree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Surprises by BP | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |48 |46. 2 |48. 0 |48. 0 | | |Disagree |52 |50. 0 |52. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Action interpreted by BP | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Strongly disagree |37 |35. 6 |37. 0 |37. 0 | | |Disagree |49 |47. 1 |49. 0 |86. 0 | | |Neutral |9 |8. |9. 0 |95. 0 | | |Agree |4 |3. 8 |4. 0 |99. 0 | | |Strongly ag ree |1 |1. 0 |1. 0 |100. 0 | | |Total |100 |96. 2 |100. 0 | | |Missing |System |4 |3. 8 | | | |Total |104 |100. 0 | | | Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha |N of Items | | |-. 038 |6 | | a. The value is negative due t\r\n'